Nullification: The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state’s opinion, violates the Consitution.   

Initiative: Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

Referendum: a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

Recall: A Recall is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of their term in office.

Enumerated powers -  written in the Constitution

Implied powers - not specifically written in the Constitution but are inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause

Reserved powers -  those not delegated or enumerated to the national government but are reserved to the states, as stated in the Tenth Amendment

Concurrent powers -  shared between both levels of government such as the power to collect taxes, the power to make and enforce laws and the power to build roads

Revenue sharing - national funding with almost no restrictions to the states on its use and is the least used form of funding

Grants-in-aid: federal money granted to a recipient to fund a project or program

Categorical grants: money granted by the federal government to state and local governments, with strict limitations on how it is to be spent.

Block Grants a grant from the federal government that a local/state government can allocate to a wide range of services. It is generally broad with what it can be used for, have few strings attached.

Mandates: a command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the electorate to its representative:

Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from one entity to another. It's an effort to reduce federal government powers by transferring some responsibilities to the state governments. Through devolution, the states gain responsibility for matters that were previously handled at the federal level.

Privileges and Immunities Clause. A state cannot unreasonably discriminate against citizens of other states

Tenth Amendment - the last of the Bill of Rights to define the balance of power between the federal government and the states ; establishes reserved powers of the states

Fourteenth Amendment - Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause as applied to the states

Commerce clause -  gives the national government the power to regulate interstate commerce, but Supreme Court interpretations can influence the extent of this power

Necessary & Proper clause / Elastic clause - gives Congress the power to make laws related to carrying out its enumerated powers, but Supreme Court interpretations can influence the extent of these powers.

Supremacy Clause - gives the national government and its laws general precedence over states’ laws, but Supreme Court interpretations may affect when specific actions exceed this constitutional power