Lab 1 - LOA and Histology Flashcards

Exploratory Learning Structure:
- Laboratory sessions are exploratory in nature.
- Students are expected to discuss concepts, search for details in the laboratory manual, and utilize provided materials and anatomical models.
Assessment Schedule and Policies:
- A laboratory quiz occurs weekly at the start of the lab session.
- First Laboratory Quiz Date and Time: Tuesday, Jan. 20th at $9:00\text{ am}$ sharp.
- Accommodation Quiz Start Time: Starts at $8:30\text{ am}$ for students with registered time accommodations.
- Accommodation Contact Protocol: Students requiring time accommodations must reach out in-person or via email.

Anatomical Position Definition:
- The standardized reference position of the human body used to ensure consistency when describing the location of various bodily structures.
- Standard Position Criteria:
  1. Palms face anteriorly (forward).
  2. Feet are parallel.
  3. Arms are held at the sides.
  4. Eyes are open.
Directional Terms:
- Superior vs. Inferior: Used exclusively for the head and trunk.
- Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal): Describes front versus back orientations.
- Proximal vs. Distal: Used exclusively for limbs.
- Medial vs. Lateral: Describes orientation relative to the midline.
- Superficial vs. Deep: Describes orientation relative to the body surface or interior.

Definition of Regional Terms:
- Terms used to describe broader regions of the body containing specific anatomical structures.
Key Regional Terms:
- Acromial: Point of the shoulder.
- Hallux: The big toe, or great toe.
- Mental: Region of the chin.
- Olecranal: Posterior aspect of the elbow.
- Otic: Region of the ear.
- Palmar: Palm of the hand.
- Pedal: Foot.
- Plantar: Sole of the foot.
- Pollex: Thumb.
Master Surface Anatomy & Body Regions List:
- Abdominal
- Acromial
- Antebrachial
- Antecubital
- Axillary
- Brachial
- Buccal
- Calcaneal
- Carpal
- Cephalic
- Cervical
- Coxal
- Crural
- Digital
- Femoral
- Fibular (peroneal)
- Frontal
- Gluteal
- Hallux
- Lumbar
- Manus
- Mental
- Metacarpal
- Metatarsal
- Nasal
- Occipital
- Olecranal
- Oral
- Orbital
- Otic
- Palmar
- Patellar
- Pedal
- Pelvic
- Plantar
- Pollex
- Popliteal
- Pubic
- Sacral
- Scapular
- Sternal
- Sural
- Tarsal
- Umbilical

Coronal / Frontal Plane:
- Divides the body vertically into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Transverse Plane / Horizontal Plane (Cross Section):
- Divides the body horizontally into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Sagittal Plane:
- Midsagittal Plane: Cuts directly through the middle, creating equal left and right halves.
- Parasagittal Plane: Cuts off-center, creating unequal left and right portions.

Dorsal Body Cavity:
- Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.
- Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Body Cavity:
- Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart and lungs.
  - Superior Mediastinum: Upper central portion of the thoracic cavity.
  - Pleural Cavities: Left and right cavities housing the lungs.
  - Pericardial Cavity: Located within the mediastinum, housing the heart.
- Anatomical Landmark: Diaphragm (separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity).
- Abdominopelvic Cavity:
  - Abdominal Cavity: Contains digestive viscera.
  - Pelvic Cavity: Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Overview:
- Composed of one or more types of tissue (tissue membranes).
Cutaneous Membrane:
- The skin.
- The only external and dehydrated (dry) membrane in the body.
Serous Membranes:
- Double-layered membranes comprising:
  - Visceral Layer: Lines the outer surface of organs.
  - Parietal Layer: Lines the cavity walls.
- Three P's of Serous Membranes:
  1. Pericardium / Pericardial Membrane: Encloses the heart.
  2. Pleural Membranes: Enclose the lungs.
  3. Peritoneum: Lines the abdominopelvic cavity and organs.
Mucous Membranes:
- Line all body openings communicating with the external environment, including gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts.
Synovial Membranes:
- Composed exclusively of connective tissue.
- Produces synovial fluid.

Tissue Naming Requirement:
- Always list the complete name of the tissue without omissions or abbreviations.
Student Learning Responsibilities:
- Identification (ID).
- Location(s).
- Function(s).
- Distinguishing structural features.
Cellular Density Comparison:
- Epithelial Tissue: Highly cellular, low acellular content (visually distinct by densely packed nuclei appearing as purple dots).
- Connective Tissue: Low cellularity, highly acellular matrix and fiber content.

General Characteristics:
- Lines and covers internal or external spaces.
- Avascular (lacks blood vessels).
- Exhibits very high cell density.
- Differentiated primarily by cell shape and layer thickness.
- Anchored to an underlying Basement membrane.
Epithelial Tissue Categories and Subtypes:
1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (sometimes ciliated)
5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium:
  - Keratinized
  - Nonkeratinized
6. Transitional Epithelium
Histology Practice Case Example:
- Identified Tissue: Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
- Primary Functions: Abrasion resistance and waterproofing.
- Key Structural Feature: Visible Basement membrane.

Diagnostic Questions for Connective Tissue Identification:
- $1.$ Do I see fibers?
- $2.$ Is this tissue dense or loose?
- $3.$ What is this tissue?
Connective Tissue Categories and Subtypes:
- A. Loose Connective Tissue:
  1. Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular Connective Tissue
- B. Dense Connective Tissue:
  1. Dense Regular Fibrous Connective Tissue
  2. Dense Irregular Fibrous Connective Tissue
- C. Cartilage:
  - Identification Criteria:
    1. Clear ground substance.
    2. Chondrocytes contained within lacunae.
  - Subtypes:
    1. Hyaline Cartilage
    2. Elastic Cartilage
    3. Fibrocartilage
- D. Bone:
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy Bone
- E. Blood
Histology Practice Case Example:
- Identified Tissue: Fibrous Loose Areolar Connective Tissue.
- Locations & Functions: Found in muscle fascia and surrounding epithelial tissue.

Muscle Tissue Subtypes:
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle
Nervous Tissue:
- Encompasses primary neural and supportive glial components required for nervous system histology identification.