week 7 : ch 9 & 11

CHAPTER 9 VOCAB

developmental psychology: The branch of psychology that explores physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of development.

Maturation: The biological unfolding of the organism according to the underlying genetic code.

ovulation: The release of an egg cell (ovum) from the ovary.

ovaries: The female gonads, which secrete the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and produce mature egg cells.

fallopian tube: A straw-like tube between an ovary and the uterus through which an ovum passes after ovulation.

germinal stage: The stage of prenatal development that spans the period from fertilization through implantation.

fertilization: The union of sperm and ovum.

uterus: The female reproductive organ in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted and develops to term.

embryonic stage: The stage of prenatal development from implantation through about the eighth week of pregnancy during which the major organ systems begin to form.

embryo: The developing organism at an early stage of prenatal development.

neural tube: The area in the embryo from which the nervous system develops.

amniotic sac: The uterine sac that contains the fetus.

placenta: The organ that provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between mother and fetus.

fetal stage: The stage of prenatal development in which the fetus develops, beginning around the ninth week of pregnancy and lasting until the birth of the child.

fetus: The developing organism in the later stages of prenatal development.

spina bifida: A neural tube defect in which the child is born with a hole in the tube surrounding the spinal cord. Most cases are mild and do not involve any significant problems, but in severe cases, problems such as difficulty walking or performing daily activities without assistance may result.

teratogen: An environmental influence or agent that may harm the developing embryo or fetus.

Rubella: A common childhood disease that can lead to serious birth defects if contracted by the mother during pregnancy (also called German measles).

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): The sudden and unexplained death of infants that usually occurs when they are asleep in their cribs.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): A syndrome caused by maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy in which the child shows developmental delays and facial deformities.

rooting reflex: The reflexive turning of the newborn’s head in the direction of a touch on the cheek.

eyeblink reflex: The reflexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from bright light and foreign objects.

sucking reflex: Rhythmic sucking in response to stimulation of the tongue or mouth.

Moro reflex: An inborn reflex, elicited by a sudden noise or loss of support, in which infants extend their arms, arch their backs, and bring their arms toward each other as though attempting to grab hold of someone.

palmar grasp reflex: The reflexive curling of the infant’s fingers around an object that touches the palm.

Babinski reflex: The reflexive fanning out and curling of the infant’s toes and inward twisting of the foot when the sole of the foot is stroked.

temperament: A characteristic style of behavior or disposition.

attachment: The enduring emotional bond that infants and older children form with their caregivers.

Imprinting: The formation of a strong bond of the newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth.

schema: To Piaget, a mental framework for understanding or acting on the environment.

adaptation: To Piaget, the process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the environment.

Assimilation: To Piaget, the process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas.

Accommodation: In perception, the process by which the lens changes its shape to focus images more clearly on the retina. To Piaget, the process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects or experiences.

object permanence: The recognition that objects continue to exist even if they have disappeared from sight.

symbolic representations: A term referring to the use of words to represent (name) objects and describe experiences.

egocentrism: To Piaget, the tendency to see the world only from one’s own perspective.

animistic thinking: To Piaget, the child’s belief that inanimate objects have living qualities.

Irreversibility: To Piaget, the inability to reverse the direction of a sequence of events to their starting point.

Centration: To Piaget, the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time.

conservation: In Piaget’s theory, the ability to recognize that the quantity or amount of an object remains constant despite superficial changes in its outward appearance.

formal operations: The level of full cognitive maturity in Piaget’s theory, characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms

zone of proximal development (ZPD): In Vygotsky’s theory, the range between children’s present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction.

Adolescence: The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood.

puberty: The stage of development at which individuals become physiologically capable of reproducing.

secondary sex characteristics: Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females but are not directly involved in reproduction.

Primary sex characteristics: Physical characteristics, such as the gonads, that differentiate males and females and play a direct role in reproduction.

menarche: The first menstruation.

imaginary audience: The common belief among adolescents that they are at the center of other people’s attention.

personal fable: The common belief among adolescents that their feelings and experiences cannot possibly be understood by others and that they are personally invulnerable to harm.

Ego identity: In Erickson’s theory, the attainment of a psychological sense of knowing oneself and one’s direction in life.

identity crisis: In Erikson’s theory, a stressful period of serious soul-searching and self-examination of issues relating to personal values and one’s direction in life.

role confusion: In Erikson’s model, a lack of direction or aimlessness with respect to one’s role in life or public identity.

fluid intelligence: A form of intelligence associated with the ability to think abstractly and flexibly in solving problems.

crystallized intelligence: A form of intelligence associated with the use of knowledge or wisdom.

menopause: The time of life when menstruation ends.

emerging adulthood: The period of psychosocial development during which the person makes the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

midlife crisis: A state of psychological crisis, often occurring during middle adulthood, in which people grapple with the loss of their youth.

dementia: A condition involving a major deterioration or loss of mental abilities involved in memory, reasoning, judgment, and ability to carry out purposeful behavior.

Alzheimer’s disease: An irreversible brain disease with a progressive course of deterioration of mental functioning.

osteoporosis: A bone disease characterized by a loss of bone density in which the bones become porous, brittle, and more prone to fracture.

CHAPTER 11 VOCAB

personalityThe relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time.

psychoanalytic theoryFreud’s theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts.

consciousTo Freud, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness.

preconsciousTo Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention.

unconsciousIn Freudian theory, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains primitive drives and instincts.

idFreud’s term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses.

egoFreud’s term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations.

superegoFreud’s term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscience.

pleasure principleIn Freudian theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.

reality principleIn Freudian theory, the governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs.

defense mechanismsIn Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling ideas or impulses.

denialIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge.

denialIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge.

reaction formationIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one’s true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of them.

rationalizationIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas.

projectionIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the projection of one’s own unacceptable impulses, wishes, or urges onto another person.

sublimationIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests.

regressionIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

displacementIn Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse.

erogenous zonesParts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation.

fixationsConstellations of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either excessive or inadequate gratification at that stage.

oral stageIn Freudian theory, the first stage of psychosexual development, during which the infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, and biting).

anal stageIn Freudian theory, the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents).

anal-retentive personalityIn Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by perfectionism and excessive needs for self-control as expressed through extreme neatness and punctuality.

anal-expulsive personalityIn Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by messiness, lack of self-discipline, and carelessness.

phallic stageIn Freudian theory, the third stage of psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis in boys, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus complex.

Oedipus complexIn Freudian theory, the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of the opposite gender and perceives the parent of the same gender as a rival.

Electra complexThe term given by some psychodynamic theorists to the form of the Oedipus complex in young girls.

castration anxietyIn Freudian theory, unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses.

penis envyIn Freudian theory, jealousy of boys for having a penis.

latency stageIn Freudian theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant.

genital stageIn Freudian theory, the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation.

personal unconsciousJung’s term for an unconscious region of the mind comprising a reservoir of the individual’s repressed memories and impulses.

collective unconsciousIn Jung’s theory, a part of the mind containing ideas and archetypal images shared among humankind that have been transmitted genetically from ancestral humans.

archetypesJung’s term for the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious that reflect ancestral or universal experiences of human beings.

individual psychologyAdler’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the unique potential of each individual.

creative selfIn Adler’s theory, the self-aware part of personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts.

inferiority complexIn Adler’s theory, a concept involving the influence that feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children have on their developing personalities and desires to compensate.

drive for superiorityAdler’s term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority; also called the will-to-power.

basic anxietyIn Horney’s theory, a deep-seated form of anxiety in children that is associated with feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world perceived as potentially threatening and hostile.

basic hostilityIn Horney’s theory, deep feelings of resentment that children may harbor toward their parents.

traitsRelatively enduring personal characteristics.

Cardinal traitsAllport’s term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual’s general personality.

central traitsAllport’s term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual’s behavior across situations.

secondary traitsAllport’s term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations.

Surface traitsCattell’s term for personality traits at the surface level that can be gleaned from observations of behavior.

source traitsCattell’s term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits.

five-factor model (FFM)The dominant contemporary trait model of personality, consisting of five broad personality factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

social-cognitive theoryA contemporary learning-based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior.

ExpectanciesIn social-cognitive theory, personal predictions about the outcomes of behavior.

Subjective valueIn social-cognitive theory, the importance individuals place on desired outcomes.

locus of controlIn Rotter’s theory, one’s general expectancies about whether one’s efforts can bring about desired outcomes or reinforcements.

reciprocal determinismBandura’s model in which cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors influence and are influenced by each other.

Outcome expectationsBandura’s term for our personal predictions about the outcomes of our behavior.

Efficacy expectationsBandura’s term for the expectancies we have regarding our ability to perform behaviors we set out to accomplish.

situation variablesMischel’s term for environmental influences on behavior, such as rewards and punishments.

self-theoryRogers’s model of personality, which focuses on the importance of the self.

unconditional positive regardValuing another person as having intrinsic worth, regardless of the person’s behavior at the particular time.

conditional positive regardValuing a person only when the person’s behavior meets certain expectations or standards.

self-idealsRogers’s term for the idealized sense of how or what we should be.

collectivistic cultureA culture that emphasizes people’s social roles and obligations.

individualistic cultureA culture that emphasizes individual identity and personal accomplishments.

phrenologyThe now-discredited view that one can judge a person’s character and mental abilities by measuring the bumps on his or her head.

personality testsStructured psychological tests that use formal methods of assessing personality.

Self-report personality inventoriesStructured psychological tests in which individuals are given a limited range of response options to answer a set of questions about themselves.

objective testsTests of personality that can be scored objectively and that are based on a research foundation.

standard scoresA transformed score that indicates the number of standard deviations a corresponding raw score is above or below the mean; also called a z-score.

projective testsPersonality tests in which ambiguous or vague test materials are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person’s unconscious needs, drives, and motives.

fiske →the big five personality traits

carl jung → extroverts, introvert, and ambivert personalities

freud → ego

id→ deep, underlying, intrusive wants and desires

ego→ balancing the two

superego→ good conscious

Oedipus complex/ penis envy

Adler→ inferiority complex

individuals compensate feeling inferior by setting goals for themselves / self=fulfillment

allport →

• cardinal traits → so dominant that can define a person

• central traits → not as dominant as carinal (

• secondary traits

cattell → 16p

• 16 personality traits

eysenck→