C

WHAP Unit 7: Global Conflict 🌍

7.1→THE GREAT WAR / WORLD WAR I

became a conflict of attrition (slowly wore down the enemy)

causes of WWI:

I) Militarism :

  • EU nations doubled militaries

  • new military tech developed

  • militaries wanted to fight

II) Alliances:

  • EU nations divided themselves into 2 teams:

    • Triple Entente → Allies

    • Triple Alliance → Central Powers

III) Imperialism: where Britain and Germany competed for colonies

IIII) Nationalism: fueled tensions as nations prioritized their own interests over collective peace, often leading to conflicts and a desire for greater power and influence

Immediate Causes → Outbreak of War

Serbia was fueled by NATIONALISM.

  • Serbian nationalist groups kills Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

  • July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia

  • RU prepares army

  • Aug 1, 1914: GE declares war on RU

How did the war become global?

  • Militarism pressures political leaders to declare war

  • Alliances forced EU nations to fight each other

  • Imp means colonies of fighting EU nations made to fight each other

  • Nationalism made it a war to decide what lang and culture would rule EU

War became total as societies fought each other

COURSE OF THE WAR

1) Battle Fronts in Europe

  • GE and FR armies tried to outdo each other, by Oct 1914, both armies faced at the Western Front in a brutal stalemate, characterized by trench warfare that prolonged the conflict and led to immense loss of life

  • Italian Front: Italy left Triple Alliance, went onto the Allies side in 1915

2) Technologies of the War

  • stalemate on W. and S. fronts and the introduction of new technologies, such as tanks and chemical warfare, changed the dynamics of battle, although the fundamental issues of trench warfare persisted

  • barbed wire

  • machine guns

  • mustard gas (rotted body from inside out, used by GE’s)

  • tanks (Brits, GE’s used them later on)

  • airplanes

  • submarines (used by the Germans…)

  • No-Man’s Land

3) Eastern Front: A significant theater of combat during World War I, characterized by brutal trench warfare and a series of major battles between Russian and Central Powers forces

4) Cost and Total Scope of War →

  • Zeppelin: GE hydrogen filled airship, had bombs

    • effective way to target civilian pops

  • women replaced men at work bc patriotism and high pay drew them into “male jobs”

    • TNT poisoning turned victims skin yellow and made hair orange

    • middle and upper-class women said the war was a liberating (freeing) exp

    • but female employment was temporary

    • got voting rights as recognition for their contribution during the Great War

  • to keep ppl united, govts used PROPAGANDA campaigns to make the enemy look evil

5) Impacts of the War beyond Europe

  • Brit and FR increased their armies by recruiting men from their colonies

Japan’s Actions:

  • demanded GE territory of Jiaozhou to JP authorities

  • GE said nu uh, so JP entered the war on the side of the Allies

  • JP had imperial interests in CN, and presented the CN govt with 21 demands… CN leaked these demands to Brit authorities

The War in AF:

  • included numerous battles and campaigns, significantly impacting colonial relations and contributing to the shifting balance of power.

The War in Middle East:

  • featured intense military engagements, particularly during World War I, where western powers sought control over former Ottoman territories, leading to arbitrary borders and long-lasting geopolitical tensions

  • Armenian Genocide: murder by Ottomans against 2 mil Armenians living in Ottoman territory

  • Sykes Picot Treaty: secret 1917 deal planned divide Ottoman land in M.E after WWI

  • Balfour Dec: Brit declaration that supported creation of Jewish homeland in PS

6) The War Ends

       Russia Leaves the War

  • Lenin led the Bolshevik Revo

  • Oct Revo: Nov 7, bloodless takeover where power went to Lenin and Bolshevik Party

  • Bolshevik rulers signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended RU’S role in the Great War

U.S Enters the War

  • entered the war bc of G.E’s unrestricted submarine warfare

    • GE submarines attacked merchant ships w/o warning, then on May 7, 1915, GE sub sank Brit’s Lustania, and to all that U.S was like hell nah

GE accepted truce on NOVEMBER 11, 1918

CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR

  • Influenza Pandemic

  • Peace Treaties: Pres Wilson sent a plan for a fair and lasting peace after the war. Post war plan led the defeated Central Powers to accept his 14 points armistice (agreement to stop fighting in WWI)

  • Treaty of Versailles: blamed GE for war, made GE pat fines, and Allies made GE and Austria from going into political union (this treaty was very harsh)

  • Treaty of Sevres: ended Ottoman Emp, gave up its lands

    • Mustafa Kemal: led Turkish nationalist movement, replaced the Sultanate w/ the Republic of Turkey

    • became Ataturk, made policy of secularism which forced full separation of Islam and govt, and emancipation of women

    • but he did rule as dictator

  • Paris diplomats made the League of Nations, mission was to maintain world peace, the League established a pattern for a lasting international org

  • self determination → idea that ppl should be able to vote for what country they live in

  • Mandate Sys → made mandates in Ottoman lands into violated promises by Brits and FR