Unit 1 Hardware
Controller - Coordinates the other parts of the CPU
ALU - Does Arithmetic Calculation and Logical operation
Register - Single fast volatile memory. E.g: the program counter
Internal Memory - Holds frequently used instructions and results of calculations (also called cache memory)
RAM in used to hold running programs and data for them.
ROM is permanently store data, e.g: it store BIOS and starts the PC up.
HDDs have a spinning platter
Have moving read/write heads
Cheap per GB
Slow compared to SSD
Affected by fragmentation
No moving parts
Expensive per GB
Very fast compared to HDD
Not affected by fragmentation
Limit number of read/write cycles
If the storage is free then it is cheaper than physical storage like HDD and SSD
It might be more expensive if you have to pay it monthly
Accessible to any device with internet access
Accessible to anywhere in the world
Automatically backed up
Security issue (easier to hack into)
The speed at which a processor operate is called the clock speed. The faster the clock speed, the faster the computer is able to run the fetch-decode-excute cycle and therefore process more instructions.
The speed of the processor is measured in Hertz (Hz). One clock tick per second would be measured as 1Hz. Therefore p a processor that operate 1,000 clock ticks per second would be 1,000Hz processor, also known as 1kHz processor.
A typical modern day home computer would have a 2.5GHz processor. This means the clock speed of the processor runs at 2,500,000,000 Hz or clock ticks per second.
The clock speed inside the CPU can sometimes be changed. A processor can be set to run faster than its original design. By doing this however, it uses more energy and produce more heat. If the hat is not removed through cooling, the CPU can overheat, which will damage the CPU and shorten its lifespan. This is called overclocking.
Some computers systems, especially mobiles devices, set the clock speed of the CPU lower than its original design. The results in less power consumption, less heat being produced and will therefore increase the battery life of the device. This is called under-clocking.
Motherboard is where all the components of a PC plug into
Hardware port allow peripherals (mice, keyboards and etc) to be connected to the motherboard.
Can process a large number of complex instruction, this allows the processor to understand and carry out complex task with only a few instruction
CISC is able to process complex instruction, without breaking them into simpler instruction
Need more power and produce more heat
Can process a limited number of simple instruction, to carry out more complex instruction the problem needs to broke down into a long list of simple instruction.
Able to process simple instructiom quicker
Need less power and produce less heat
A very fast, volatile memory in or on the CPU, used to store frequently instructions used and result of calculations
When a task is split into sub-tasks and two core or more is working on the task same time
Advantages
Executes multiple sub-tasks simultaneously
Faster than single core
Disadvantages
Programs need to be specially written for it
Some tasks can only be done in a linear manner
A non-volatile stoarge, it tends to be quite large but slow compare to RAM
GPU stand for Graphic Processing Unit, and it is a processor just to make display in the screen
A small seperate component just to produce high quality sound
A combination of hardware and software to perform a specific task
Storage devices that are read by lasers. E.g: DVD, CD and blueray
Storage devices that store data magnetically. E.g: Hard drive and Tape drive
Address bus. When data is saved or loaded from memory, the address at which it is to be stored or loaded from must be sent. The storage address of data always travels along an address bus.
Data bus. Data will then need to be moved between several parts of a computer. The path along which data travels is called a data bus.
Control bus. The controller uses the control bus to send control signals to different parts of the computer.
The fetch cycle takes the address required from memory, stores it in the instruction register, and moves the program counter on one so that it points at the next instruction.
The control unit checks the instruction in the instruction register. The instruction is decoded to determine the action that needs to be carried out.
The actual actions that happen during the execution cycle depend on the instruction itself.
It is the idea of storing a program’s instructions in the same memory as the data. The idea resulted in computers be more easily re-programmed and is the basis for the fetch-decode-execute cycle, fundamental to modern computer processing.
A long-life and non-volatile memory widely used in embedded system. The data stored in flash memory can be read and change
In flash memory the data can be changed
Cache memory
ROM
RAM
Flash memory
Controller - Coordinates the other parts of the CPU
ALU - Does Arithmetic Calculation and Logical operation
Register - Single fast volatile memory. E.g: the program counter
Internal Memory - Holds frequently used instructions and results of calculations (also called cache memory)
RAM in used to hold running programs and data for them.
ROM is permanently store data, e.g: it store BIOS and starts the PC up.
HDDs have a spinning platter
Have moving read/write heads
Cheap per GB
Slow compared to SSD
Affected by fragmentation
No moving parts
Expensive per GB
Very fast compared to HDD
Not affected by fragmentation
Limit number of read/write cycles
If the storage is free then it is cheaper than physical storage like HDD and SSD
It might be more expensive if you have to pay it monthly
Accessible to any device with internet access
Accessible to anywhere in the world
Automatically backed up
Security issue (easier to hack into)
The speed at which a processor operate is called the clock speed. The faster the clock speed, the faster the computer is able to run the fetch-decode-excute cycle and therefore process more instructions.
The speed of the processor is measured in Hertz (Hz). One clock tick per second would be measured as 1Hz. Therefore p a processor that operate 1,000 clock ticks per second would be 1,000Hz processor, also known as 1kHz processor.
A typical modern day home computer would have a 2.5GHz processor. This means the clock speed of the processor runs at 2,500,000,000 Hz or clock ticks per second.
The clock speed inside the CPU can sometimes be changed. A processor can be set to run faster than its original design. By doing this however, it uses more energy and produce more heat. If the hat is not removed through cooling, the CPU can overheat, which will damage the CPU and shorten its lifespan. This is called overclocking.
Some computers systems, especially mobiles devices, set the clock speed of the CPU lower than its original design. The results in less power consumption, less heat being produced and will therefore increase the battery life of the device. This is called under-clocking.
Motherboard is where all the components of a PC plug into
Hardware port allow peripherals (mice, keyboards and etc) to be connected to the motherboard.
Can process a large number of complex instruction, this allows the processor to understand and carry out complex task with only a few instruction
CISC is able to process complex instruction, without breaking them into simpler instruction
Need more power and produce more heat
Can process a limited number of simple instruction, to carry out more complex instruction the problem needs to broke down into a long list of simple instruction.
Able to process simple instructiom quicker
Need less power and produce less heat
A very fast, volatile memory in or on the CPU, used to store frequently instructions used and result of calculations
When a task is split into sub-tasks and two core or more is working on the task same time
Advantages
Executes multiple sub-tasks simultaneously
Faster than single core
Disadvantages
Programs need to be specially written for it
Some tasks can only be done in a linear manner
A non-volatile stoarge, it tends to be quite large but slow compare to RAM
GPU stand for Graphic Processing Unit, and it is a processor just to make display in the screen
A small seperate component just to produce high quality sound
A combination of hardware and software to perform a specific task
Storage devices that are read by lasers. E.g: DVD, CD and blueray
Storage devices that store data magnetically. E.g: Hard drive and Tape drive
Address bus. When data is saved or loaded from memory, the address at which it is to be stored or loaded from must be sent. The storage address of data always travels along an address bus.
Data bus. Data will then need to be moved between several parts of a computer. The path along which data travels is called a data bus.
Control bus. The controller uses the control bus to send control signals to different parts of the computer.
The fetch cycle takes the address required from memory, stores it in the instruction register, and moves the program counter on one so that it points at the next instruction.
The control unit checks the instruction in the instruction register. The instruction is decoded to determine the action that needs to be carried out.
The actual actions that happen during the execution cycle depend on the instruction itself.
It is the idea of storing a program’s instructions in the same memory as the data. The idea resulted in computers be more easily re-programmed and is the basis for the fetch-decode-execute cycle, fundamental to modern computer processing.
A long-life and non-volatile memory widely used in embedded system. The data stored in flash memory can be read and change
In flash memory the data can be changed
Cache memory
ROM
RAM
Flash memory
