TFN Group 3
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING
Influential Theorists
Lydia Hall
Sister Callista Roy
Madeline Leininger
Jean Watson
Patricia Benner
LYDIA HALL
Care, Cure, Core Theory
Biography: Born September 21, 1906, in New York City. Eldest child of Louis and Anna Williams. Moved to York, Pennsylvania in childhood.
Early Life and Education
Graduated from the York Hospital School of Nursing.
Earned B.S. and M.A. degrees from Teachers College, Columbia University.
Held faculty positions at York Hospital and Fordham Hospital Schools of Nursing.
Consultant in Nursing Education at the Nursing Faculty of SUNY Upstate Medical Center.
Focused on Public Health Nursing, Cardiovascular Nursing, Pediatric Cardiology, and Long Term Illness.
Achievements
Authored 21 publications, primarily in the 1960s.
Received Distinguished Achievement in Nursing Practice Award from Columbia University (1967).
Developed the Loeb Center for Nursing, emphasizing care for non-acute patients. Hall served as its administrative director until her death in 1969.
Core Reflection
Hall emphasized the importance of reflection in nursing, stating that a mentor can help individuals to understand their behaviors and motivations.
Theory Assumptions
Healing motivation exists within the patient.
Care, cure, and core are interrelated and should not function independently.
Interaction of these aspects changes with the patient's progress.
Major Concepts
Individual: Focuses on individuals aged 16 or older past the acute illness stage. The patient is seen as unique, capable of growth.
Health: A state of self-awareness leading to optimal behavior choices.
Society and Environment: Ensures a supportive environment for personal growth, especially in recovery settings like the Loeb Center.
Nursing: Involves care, core, and cure functionalities.
Subconcepts
Three Circles: Care, Core, Cure - interrelated yet independent components reflecting patient states.
Care Circle: Emphasizes nurturing and support, helping patients with daily functions.
Core Circle: Centers around the patient’s self-defined goals, reflecting on feelings and personal growth.
Cure Circle: Involves administration of medications and treatments in collaboration with other health professionals.
Theory Visualization
Diagrams show the interaction of care, core, and cure according to patient progress.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths:
Logical and thorough philosophy of holistic care.
Weaknesses:
Limited application for younger patients; does not consider family dynamics or community-focused care.
Conclusion
Hall’s theory is a pioneering framework emphasizing holistic and patient-centered care in nursing, focusing on emotional, psychological, and medical support for individuals.
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Biography
Born on October 14, 1939, in Los Angeles.
Professor and Nurse Theorist at Boston College of Nursing.
Developed the Roy Adaptation Model in 1976.
Goals of Nursing
Promote adaptation in individuals and groups focusing on physiological needs, self-concepts, role function, and interdependent relations.
Model Overview
Focus on physiological, psychological adaptation and the interrelatedness of four adaptive systems.
Key Concepts
Adaptive Modes: Physiological-Physical, Self-Concept Group Identity, Role Function, Interdependence.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Theory
Strengths:
Holistic view of individuals, clear definitions, adaptable across settings.
Weaknesses:
Complexity of concepts; limited focus on direct nursing roles.
Conclusion
The Roy Adaptation Model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding patient adaptation, assisting nurses in practice, education, and research.
MADELEINE LEININGER
Biography and Contribution
Developed the Transcultural Nursing Theory introducing cultural competence into nursing care.
Emphasized that nursing practices must consider individual cultural backgrounds for effective care.
Major Concepts
Transcultural Nursing: Comparative study of cultures; focus on culturally congruent care.
Culture Care Theory emphasizes the importance of cultural values in healthcare.
Application of the Theory
Enhances patient satisfaction and compliance, applicable in various healthcare settings.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths:
Broad applicability in diverse cultural contexts; promotes patient-centered care.
Weaknesses:
Criticism for lacking specific guidelines in practice implementations.
JEAN WATSON
Biography
Known for her Theory of Human Caring; Advocate for caring in nursing practice.
Developed the Center for Human Caring at the University of Colorado.
Core Philosophy
Caring promotes growth and healing; integrates humanistic aspects with scientific knowledge.
Defined four metaparadigm concepts: Person, Health, Nursing, and Environment.
Carative Factors and Processes
Carative Factors focus on humanistic and altruistic value systems in care.
Caritas Processes guide nursing actions to foster healing environments.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths:
Holistic approach; emphasizes moral and philosophical foundations for nursing.
Weaknesses:
Lacks explicit guidance for achieving caring relationships in practice.
PATRICIA BENNER
Biography
Noted for her "From Novice to Expert" model, emphasizing experience and skill acquisition in nursing.
Stages of Skill Acquisition
Novice: Lack of experience; requires rules for guidance.
Advanced Beginner: Starts grasping situational aspects but needs assistance.
Competent: Plans and thinks ahead, demonstrating mastery.
Proficient: Sees the big picture based on experience.
Expert: Operates without rules or guidelines.
Goal Orientation
Promotes integration of practical and theoretical knowledge, guiding professional development.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths:
Emphasizes clinical experience; framework for skill progression and development.
Weaknesses:
Stages may lack clear definitions; may not account for exceptional individuals.
Summary
Benner’s work integrates philosophy, practice, and research, significantly shaping nursing education and patient care.