JH

Recording-2025-02-27T16_00_42.692Z

Introduction to Revolutionary Ideas

  • The discussion of liberty and equality extends beyond political differences, addressing the very foundational principles of society.

Context of the American Revolution

  • American Colonies: The 13 colonies under British rule seeking rights established in previous documents.

  • Key Dates:

    • 1215: Magna Carta establishes fundamental rights, including habeas corpus. It outlines limits on the power of the monarchy.

    • 1689: Bill of Rights further protects rights and parliamentary legislation. Critical rights include freedom of speech.

Issues Leading to Revolution

  • Colonists faced violations of rights due to lack of representation in Parliament.

  • Concerns grew about taxation without representation stemming from principles laid in the Magna Carta.

  • The successful revolution received aid from France, emphasizing the importance of international support.

Principles Established Post-Revolution

  • The Constitution aimed to ensure:

    • No privileges for nobility or religious institutions.

    • Equal rights for all citizens, transcending wealth and status.

  • Illustrates Enlightenment ideals promoting liberty and freedom of thought.

Emergence of the Middle Class

  • The rising middle class: wealthy merchants, landowners, physicians, lawyers, and scientists are becoming more influential.

  • Public Sphere: Spaces for discussion included coffee shops and salons, fostering debate on political and social issues.

  • The middle class began to recognize the stark class privileges held by the nobility.

Nobility vs. Middle Class in France and Spain

  • Nobility held roles in high offices and enjoyed tax exemptions, creating tension between social classes.

  • The middle class felt excluded despite their economic contributions, leading to demands for representation and reform.

The French Revolution – Prelude

  • Old Regime: Acknowledged as a pre-revolutionary absolute monarchy with a flawed assembly structure.

  • Estates in France: Comprised of Nobility (1st Estate), Clergy (2nd Estate), and Commoners (3rd Estate).

  • Voting imbalance: Decisions made by estates disproportionately favored the privileged classes.

Crisis Leading to Revolution in France

  • By the late 1780s, France faced economic crises stemming from costly wars and government mismanagement.

  • The burden of taxes fell heavily on the lower classes amid widespread famine, increasing resentment.

  • Nobility remained insulated from such pressures, invoking the concept of regressive taxation.

The Meeting of the Estates General

  • King Louis XVI called the Estates General to seek resolutions for the crises of 1789.

  • The Third Estate sought to reform the assembly, demanding democracy and the end of privileges.

  • The Third Estate's determination led them to refuse participation in the traditional voting process at the Estates General.

  • Growing tension visible as the Third Estate was locked out of discussions, leading to the formation of the Tennis Court Oath, marking a pivotal moment in the move toward revolution.