ush 1

Salvation in the Great Awakening

1. The great awakening was a religious movement in the north american colonies that emphasized individual salvation and high standards of personal morality. 

2. Evangelical preachers stressed that salvation and belief were open to everyone, not only a privileged elite. 

Northwest Territory

1. Part of the territory ceded to the US by great britain in the treaty of paris, north of ohio river, east of mississippi, west of established boundaries of pennsylvania

Leaders of the Federalist Party

1. James madison, alexander hamilton, john jay

 Free-soil Party

1. Antislavery political party in mid 1800s, formed in 1848 by northern opponents of slavery, wanted to prevent expansion of slavery into western territories

Which event began the Civil War

1. the attack on fort Sumter 

2. Southerners were suspicious of Lincoln’s motives and ordered him to surrender, he refused

3. Confederates fired on the fort and they were forced to surrender

4. Lincoln called for 75000 ppl to fight against confederacy and so war started 

Advantages South had in Civil War

1. Fighting war on own territory ( defensive war)

2. Soldiers more motivated 

3. Led by finest and experienced officers (robert e lee) 

Lincoln personal opinion on slavery

1. Personally opposed slavery

2. In public emphasized that goal was to preserve union

3. But then he issued emancipation proclamation in 1863 so lolz

How many dead on each side on Civil War (chart)

1. 954,922 northerners killed

2. 683,939 southerners killed 

Years of the Civil War

1. April 1861 to april 1865

2. Jan 1863-emancipation proclamation

3. Draft law in 1863

Freedmen’s Bureau

1. Made by lincoln and congress shortly before war ended

2. Was a federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and relieve south’s immediate needs

Black and white agents

1. Developed public schools for blacks and whites and reunited families and negotiated contracts between previous slaves and white ppl

Scalawags

1. White men who had been locked out of pre civil war politics by wealthy neighbors

2. Southern white critics called them this 

3. Joined new republican party

Slaughterhouse Cases

1. The court restricted the scope of the 14th amendment

2. Although a citizen has certain national rights, fed government had no control over how a state chose to define right for its citizens 

3. Said that the Protection of civil rights didn’t include property rights of businesses and weakened the protections of the 14th amendment 

W.E.B. Dubois strategy on segregation

1. Living example of washington's hopes

2. Didn't want to accommodate to southern whites

3. Spirit of abolition and argued that blacks should demand immediate equality 

Plessy v. Ferguson

1. Supreme court upheld constitutionality of jim crow laws 

2. Argued that as long as states maintained separate but equal facilities they did not violate 14th amendment 

Oldest continuously inhabited European city in the U.S.

1. Jamestown virginia 

2. Despite numerous losses and diseases and other bad pilgrim stuff they expanded around chesapeake bay

1700 Colonies of New England

1. Massachusetts rhode island connecticut and new hampshire

2. Cold climate fishing lumber forest 

3. Build ships trade w ppl 

4. Hard working honored god puritans foundation of america 

John Hancock

1. First person to sign declaration of independence 

2. Wealthy merchant and leader of patriots in massachusetts 

3. Later served 9 terms as governor of commonwealth of MA

Chart “Continental vs. British Forces”

Writers of the Federalist Papers

1. James madison alexander hamilton and john jay

2. Wrote series of letters to newspapers in support of constitution 

3. Separation of powers would prevent concentration of one all powerful branch (CHECKS AND BALANCES)

4. Only form of direct democracy in the Constitution when it was written

5. Citizens only directly elect the representatives to the house of reps 

Weaknesses or limitations of the Articles of Confederation

1. National gov had no say over rules of interstate commerce (states fighting over trade)

2. National debt states also in debt so couldn't help

3. Structural weaknesses no president all states only had 1 vote in a 1 house congress 

4. Amending articles almost impossible bcuz every single state had to approve

5. ⅔ of states had to approve major decisions (war and treaty)

Great Compromise

1. Created bicameral 2 house legislature

2. Mix of nj and virginia plans

3. Senate would allow 2 senators per state but granted more power to larger states (population based)

4. State could no longer issue own money or provide debtor relief

5. Invented federalism (dividing power of national and states) 

Law to survey and sell land in the Northwest Territory

1. Land ordinance- system for surveying and selling the land to settlers

2. Northwest ordinance- described how territories should be governed and how they could become full fledged states 

Alexis de Tocqueville opinions about America

1. Impressed with nation’s commitment to ideals of liberty and individualism expressed in Declaration of Independence

2. Astonished by american individualism and populism (widespread participation of reg citizens in political process) 

Chart: Roots of Manifest Destiny

Year Texas joined U.S.

1. 1845 (took long time to get texas into us even after winning war bc northern congress reps didn’t wanna add another slave state)

Wilmot Proviso

1. ban on slavery in any territory that the us gained from mexico as a result of the war

2. southern leaders HATED it

First presidential candidate to represent the Republican Party

1. john c fremont 

2. ran against james buchanan in 1856 (but lost)

3. fremont wanted to stop agitation of slavery issue and even tho he lost he won ⅓ popular vote and 11 northern states

Chart: Rival Plans for Reconstruction

Why did Johnson veto the Civil Rights Act of 1866

civil rights act of 1866: 

1. federal guarantees of civil rights (undid any state laws that limited rights)

2. johnson thought reconstruction principles were against constitutional principles so he vetoed