World Civ chapter 17
Search for trade routes
- Buy luxury goods from Asia
- Big profits for everyone trading from Asia through Middle east to Europe
- European merchants want to increase profits
Technology and Exploration
- Apply science to solve real problems
- Help navigate the ocean
- Astrolabe – determine latitude of a person
- Use compass to determine direction sailing
- Improvement of maps
- Printing press allows for accurate maps
- Improve ships- more masts, sails, larger rudder
- German named Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1436
Rise of Strong Kingdoms
- Exploration was expensive and dangerous
- Portugal, Spain, France and England all want to sail to Asia
Early voyages of Exploration
- Portugal leads the way
- Prince Henry of Portugal / henry the Navigator paid for many voyages and exploration
- Sailed Africa’s West Coast / Obtained Gold
- 1488 Bartolomeu Dias Sailed tip of Africa
- Vasco de Gama – goes to SW India
- Europe found all water route to Asia
Columbus
- Sail West to Asia
- 1492 Ferdianand and Isabella of Spain support
- 3 Ships – Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
- No land for weeks
- Discovers San Salvador
- People discovered called Taino
- Claims land for Spain
- Sales to Cuba and Hispaniola-Haiti and DR
- 1502 Amerigo Vespucci Says found a new continent
Spanish Conquerors
- Columbus returns w/Soldiers
- Taino are frightened
- Treaty of Tordesillas
o How Spain and Portugal will divide South America
Voyage of Magellan
- During this voyage, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in 1521 in the present-day Philippines, after running into resistance from the indigenous population led by Lapu-Lapu, who consequently became a Philippine national symbol of resistance to colonialism.
- All water to Asia
- Sail around Asia
- Reaches pacific from Atlantic
- Ran out of food
- Magellan killed in battle
- Remain crew returns to Spain
- Circumnavigate the Globe
French and English
- Englishmen John Cabot
o Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
o Could not find Waterway to Asia
- France – Verrazzano
o Water route to Asia in north Jacques carter inland along St. Laurence
o Claimed Eastern Canada for France
- France and England established colonies in NA
- In Cuba, hears of Aztecs riches
- Goes to Mexico and lands near Veracruz
- Uses Mayan women to translate and inform on Aztec people
- Aztec use people captured in battle for human sacrifice
- Cortes uses native allies
- Small helps to kill many natives
- Believe light skinned god named Quetzalcoatl would return some day / left angry at sacrifices
- Montezuma plans ambush / Cortes knows
- Cortes takes Montezuma prisoner / No more sacrifices
- Angered Aztecs = rebelled and 1000’s killed
- Cortes must fight his way out of city and hits in mts.
- Cortes defeats Aztec
Cortes Defeats Aztec
- Aztec city of Tenochtitlan breaks out with Smallpox
- Many Aztecs die those remaining can’t fight
- Spanish attack with allies and defeat them in 1521
- Aztec capital destroyed
Spain Conquers Peru
- Pizzaro meets the Inca
- Complex rich society Incas have
- Inca empire is weaker
- Inca do not fear Pizzaro
- Pizzaro has a small army
Inca Fall
- The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, it was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Pizzaro asks for meeting with Inca leader Atahualpa
- Leader is captured = tries to buy freedom ok/not
- Room filled with gold and silver = sorry no freedom
- Put on trial 1533 sentenced to death and killed
- Pizzaro becomes governor of Peru
- Spain controls most of South America = Global
Spain’s American Empire
- Two goals
o Bring Wealth back
o Convert people to Christianity
- Grew sugarcane on large farms = plantations
- Also, gold and silver mines
- Missions – colonial government supports
- Settlers enslave indigenous people
o Work on plantations and in mines
- Locals die of European diseases need to replace
o Bring Slaves from Africa
World Trade Changes
- Economy expands
Dutch Traders
- Netherlands-trade key to survival
- Transport more goods w/ smaller crew
Portuguese Brazil
Cabral settles Brazil for Portugal
- Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal, arguing that the territory fell into the Portuguese sphere of exploration as defined by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas.
- Grows cash crop
o Sugarcane, Tobacco, Coffee, and the cotton
- Sold for Profit
French in North America
- Samuel Champlain
- Set up beaver and fur trade
- Trading post in Quebec
- Jesuits sent to teach Christianity
- Take New Orleans and colonies in Caribbean – use African slaves to grow Sugarcane
- Use African slaves
Mercantilism
- More exports than imports to increase money
- Power depends on wealth
- Colonists provide raw materials – shipped to home country
- Home country makes manufactured goods
- Fight for control of sea and different types of Trade
- Guns and powerful ships allow Europe to take control
Join-Stock Companies
- Creates entrepreneur invest in project – make money when project succeeds
- Groups of entrepreneurs created join-stock companies, buy stock – share risk – Share profit
Global Exchange
- Food was introduced in Europe and America
- Corn from US – makes livestock larger and healthier – more leather, meat and wool
- Potatoes feed more people
- Tomato sauce – Italy
- Chocolate
- Horses from Europe
- Europeans carried many viruses
Asia and Africa
- Not colonized until later
- Still influenced by global exchange
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