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Anatomy ch 5
Introduction
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, & DISEASE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS
Chapter Overview
Focuses on the muscular system's anatomy and physiology.
Page 3: Contents Overview
Muscle Action
Types of Movements
Regional Anatomy of Muscles:
Head and neck
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of mastication
Pectoral girdle
Muscles of shoulder region
Muscles of the back
Movers of the pectoral girdle
Movers of the arm
Arm
Muscles of the arm
Movers of the forearm
forearm
Muscles of the forearm
Movers of the wrist and hand
Trunk
Muscles of the thorax
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Movers of the trunk
Thigh
Muscles of the thigh
Movers of the thigh and leg
leg
Muscles of the leg
Mover of the ankle and food
Page 4: Major Organs and Structures
Skeletal Muscles: Primary structures in the muscular system.
Accessory Structures: Tendons
Functions of the Muscular System:
Movement
Stability
Control of body openings and passages
Communication
Heat production
Page 5: Anatomical Terms
Muscle Attachments:
Origin: where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone.
Insertion: where a muscle attaches to a moving bone.
Intrinsic Muscles: Origin and insertion in the same region.
Extrinsic Muscles: Origin in one region and insertion in another.
Page 6: Additional Anatomical Terms
Fixator: Muscle that stabilizes the origin for another muscle.
Synergists: Muscles performing the same action.
Prime Mover: The main muscle acting in the group of synergists.
Antagonist: Muscle performing the opposite action.
Page 7: Muscle Actions (Flexion and Extension)
Flexion: Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts, e.g., elbow flexion.
Exception: Knee flexion bends backward.
Extension: Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts, e.g., straightening the arm.
Exception: Knee extension straightens the lower leg.
Page 8: Visual Representation of Flexion and Extension
(Describes visual aids related to actions of flexion and extension.)
Page 9: Muscle Actions (Abduction and Adduction)
Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
Adduction: Movement toward the midline.
Protraction: Forward movement of a body part.
Retraction: Backward movement of a body part.
Page 10: Additional Actions
Includes visual representations and explanations of abduction and adduction.
Page 11: More Actions
Illustrates and describes protraction and retraction.
Page 12: Lateral and Medial Excursion
Lateral Excursion: Jaw movement to the side.
Medial Excursion: Jaw movement back to the midline.
Page 13: Visual Representation
Illustrates movements related to lateral and medial excursions.
Page 14: Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Inversion, and Eversion
Dorsiflexion: Standing on heels, toes up.
Plantar Flexion: Standing on tiptoes, heels up.
Inversion: Soles of feet together.
Eversion: Soles of feet apart.
Page 15: Visual Representation
Includes visual aids for dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion.
Page 16: Rotation and Circumduction
Rotation: Spinning motion around an axis.
Circumduction: Circular movement of a body part.
Supination: Palm facing up.
Pronation: Palm facing down.
Page 17: Visual Representation
Illustrates the movements of rotation and circumduction.
Page 18: Supination and Pronation
Describes visual representation of supination and pronation actions.
Page 19: Opposition and Elevation/Depression
Opposition: Bringing thumb to palm.
Reposition: Moving thumb away from palm.
Elevation: Closing jaw or raising shoulders.
Depression: Opening jaw or lowering shoulders.
Page 20: Visual Representation
Includes illustrations related to opposition, elevation, and depression.
Page 21: Further Visuals on Elevation and Depression
Visual explanations of elevation and depression actions.
Page 22: Regional Anatomy of Muscles
Overview of regional muscle anatomy, focusing on the importance of the muscular system.
Page 23: Anterior View of Muscles
Describes muscles seen on the anterior view including:
Epicranial Aponeurosis
Temporalis
Masseter
And various others in the anterior torso and limbs.
Page 24: Posterior View of Muscles
Detailed description of muscles seen on the posterior view including:
Epicranial Aponeurosis
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Gastrocnemius
Others in the posterior torso and limbs.
Page 25: Muscles of the Head and Neck
Listing muscles of the head and neck, including:
Orbicularis Oris
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Temporalis
Frontalis and others.
Page 26: Muscles of Facial Expression
Overview of facial muscles connecting expression to specific movements such as surprise and smiling.
Page 27: Muscles of Mastication
Description of muscles involved in chewing like:
Masseter
Temporalis
Buccinator and others.
Page 28: Pectoral and Brachial Muscles
Overview of major muscles in the pectoral region including deltoid and pectoralis major.
Page 29: Muscles of the Shoulder Region
List of muscles within the shoulder region including:
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
And others.
Page 30: Muscles of the Back
Overview of muscles found in the back including:
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Erector Spinae.
Page 31: Muscles of the Neck and Back
Describes interaction of muscles, including intercostals and erector spinae.
Page 32: Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle
Focus on functions of muscles like sternocleidomastoid for clavicle movement.
Page 33: Moving the Scapula
Discusses muscles responsible for scapula movement, names various movers including serratus anterior.
Page 34: Muscles that Move the Arm
Listing various flexors, extensors, abductors in arm movement, including pectoralis major and deltoid.
Page 35: The Deltoid Muscle
Characteristics of deltoid muscle functions as injection site and abductor.
Page 36: Flexors of the Shoulder
Details on other muscles aiding flexion of the shoulder.
Page 37: Extensors of the Shoulder
Discusses muscles that serve as extensors of the arm including latissimus dorsi.
Page 38: Abductors of the Shoulder
Identification of muscles that aid in abducting the shoulder.
Page 39: Rotator Cuff Muscles
Overview and characteristics of rotator cuff muscles aiding shoulder stability and movement.
Page 40: Anterior View of the Rotator Cuff
Visual insights on rotator cuff anatomy including subscapularis muscle.
Page 41: Overview of Arm Muscles
lists main arm muscles including biceps and triceps brachii.
Page 42: Additional Arm Muscle Information
Characteristics of biceps tendon and its relation to muscles within.
Page 43: Muscles That Move the Forearm
Identifies flexors and rotators within forearm movements and their functions.
Page 44: Muscles of the Forearm
Describes muscles including flexor carpi radialis and extensor digitorum.
Page 45: Muscles That Move the Wrist and Hand
Detail on flexors and extensors relating to wrist and hand functionality.
Page 46: Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen
Details on various muscles including those that form abdominal walls.
Page 47: Muscles of the Thorax
Identifies important thoracic muscles like diaphragm and intercostals.
Page 48: Muscles of the Thorax
Lists thoracic muscles focusing on diaphragm and external and internal intercostals.
Page 49: Muscles of the Abdomen
Overview of major abdominal muscles and their roles.
Page 50: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Discusses functions of muscles in protecting and compressing the trunk.
Page 51: Anterior Muscles of the Thigh
Identifies anterior thigh muscles including iliopsoas and quadriceps group.
Page 52: Posterior Muscles of the Thigh
Describes posterior thigh muscles mainly comprising the hamstring group.
Page 53: Overview of Thigh Muscles
Listing major groups of thigh muscles including glutei and quadriceps.
Page 54: Functions of Thigh Muscles
Discussion of various roles of thigh muscles in movement.
Page 55: Reiteration of Thigh Muscle Functions
Emphasizes functions of thigh muscles.
Page 56: Detailed Function of Thigh Muscles
Elaborates on flexors, extensors, abductors, and their contributions.
Page 57: Muscles that Move the Leg
Focus on quadriceps as primary extensors of the knee and their anatomy.
Page 58: Hamstring Functionality
Discusses hamstrings as flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg.
Page 59: Muscles of the Leg
Overview of key muscles in the leg including gastrocnemius and soleus.
Page 60: Muscles of the Leg
More details on leg muscles particularly tibialis anterior and fibularis group.
Page 61: Muscles That Move the Ankle & Foot
Discusses dorsal flexors and their role in ankle movement.
Page 62: Planter Flexors
Identification of specific muscles that assist with plantar flexion in the foot.
Page 63: Actions Recap
Summary of dorsal flexors and other movements related to the ankle & foot.
Page 64: Muscle Coverings
Description of connective tissue layers that cover muscle fibers: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium.
Page 65: Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
Overview of structure including bundles of fascicles and muscle fibers.
Page 66: Structure of a Muscle Fiber
Specifies components and functions of skeletal muscle fiber, including myofibrils.
Page 67: Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Cell
Discussion of sarcomere’s role and the arrangement of thick and thin filaments.
Page 68: Muscle Fiber Striations
Detailed information on how striations occur and the relationship of actin and myosin filaments.
Page 69: Protein Structure of Myofilaments
Explanation of structural components like cross-bridges in myofilaments.
Page 70: Functionality of Thick and Thin Myofilaments
Discusses characteristics of myofilaments and regulatory proteins.
Page 71: Physiological Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Characteristics of muscle tissue: excitability, conductivity, contractility.
Page 72: Continued Characteristics
Includes extensibility and elasticity as vital properties of muscle cells.
Page 73: Neuromuscular Junction
Explanation of how nerves stimulate muscle contraction through neuromuscular junctions.
Page 74: Neuromuscular Junction Details
Visual representation of neuromuscular junction structure and function.
Page 75: Threshold for Muscle Response
Discussion of the threshold principle of muscle contraction.
Page 76: Muscle Contraction at the Molecular Level
Overview of the sliding filament theory in muscle contraction.
Page 77: Sliding Filament Model
Detailed steps of the sliding filament mechanism during muscle contraction.
Page 78: Role of ATP in Muscle Action
Discusses the necessity of ATP for muscle contraction and relaxation.
Page 79: Lever Systems in Muscles
Overview of lever systems utilized in muscular movements.
Page 80: Muscle Metabolism Overview
Explores aerobic and anaerobic respiration methods in muscle metabolism.
Page 81: Creatine Phosphate
Discusses creatine phosphate's role in energy storage and usage during muscle contraction.
Page 82: Muscle Fatigue
Definition and causes of muscle fatigue, including lactate accumulation.
Page 83: Types of Muscle Tissue
Discussion on the three types of muscle tissues: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth.
Page 84: Functions of the Muscular System
Describes the essential roles of muscle in movement and stability.
Page 85: Continued Functions
Further elaborates the functions in communication and heat production.
Page 86: Diagnostic Testing
Explains the use of electromyography (EMG) in assessing muscular disorders.
Page 87: Muscular System Disorders
Overview of common disorders associated with muscles like strains and tendinitis.
Page 88: Muscle Atrophy
Visual comparison of normal muscle vs. atrophied muscle.
NoteStudied by 32 peopleNoteStudied by 2 peopleNoteStudied by 35 peopleNoteStudied by 68 peopleNoteStudied by 12448 peopleNoteStudied by 5 people