BIOL 235 Lab Quiz 5 Topics

Lab 9: Vascular System

Review laboratory (Lt) labs and corresponding lab slides thoroughly for proper preparation for lab quizzes. Quizzes are designed to assess understanding and recall of key concepts covered in labs.

• Lab quizzes consist of 10 questions that are given promptly at the beginning of lab sessions, ensuring that students arrive prepared to engage with the material.

• Time allotted for quizzes: 15 minutes, which requires effective time management during this assessment period.

Auscultation Method of Recording Blood Pressure

• Definition: The auscultation method is a technique used to measure blood pressure by listening to the sounds produced by the flow of blood using a stethoscope.

• Sound Interpretation: Recognize and understand the significance of the sounds (Korotkoff sounds) heard during auscultation, including the first sound indicating systolic pressure and the last sound indicating diastolic pressure.

• Systolic vs. Diastolic BP:

  • Systolic Blood Pressure: This is the pressure exerted on arterial walls when the heart beats and contracts, typically the higher of the two readings.

  • Diastolic Blood Pressure: This is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, representing the lower reading.

Laminar Flow vs. Turbulent Flow

• Laminar Flow: Characterized as a smooth and streamlined flow of blood, where blood layers slide past each other with minimal disruption.

• Turbulent Flow: This is seen as a disrupted and irregular flow of blood caused by increased velocity or obstruction, leading to potential vascular issues.

Active vs. Reactive Hyperemia

• Active Hyperemia: Refers to the increased blood flow that occurs in response to heightened metabolic activity in tissues, such as during exercise.

• Reactive Hyperemia: This is the surge in blood flow that happens after a temporary loss of blood supply (ischemia), as tissues require a replenishment of nutrients and oxygen.

Chemical Effects on Vascular Diameter

• Histamine: This chemical is released during inflammatory responses and typically causes vasodilation, increasing vascular diameter to improve blood flow to affected areas.

• Epinephrine: Often known as adrenaline, it can have varying effects, causing vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in other vascular beds, depending on the receptors activated.

• Water: The presence of water in the bloodstream also affects blood viscosity and, consequently, the diameter of blood vessels.

Lab 10: Blood

Hematocrit

• Definition: Hematocrit is a measure of the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells, important for assessing anemia and other blood conditions.

• Calculation: It can be calculated using the following formula:
  Hematocrit = \frac{Volume \, of \, Red \, Blood \, Cells}{Total \, Blood \, Volume} \times 100
  Understanding the significance of different hematocrit levels can help evaluate a patient’s health status.

Hemoglobin

• Role and Function: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and facilitating the return transport of carbon dioxide. Its levels are critical for oxygen delivery and can be indicators of various hematological conditions.

Blood Typing

• Process of Blood Typing: Understanding the ABO and Rh blood group systems is crucial. Blood typing is performed using serum and red blood cells to identify specific antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.

• Identifying a Blood Type Test: Be able to recognize common laboratory methods, such as the agglutination test, used to determine blood types.

Blood Type Compatibility

• Compatibility Rules: For each blood type (A, B, AB, O):

  • Type A: Can donate to A and AB; can receive from A and O.

  • Type B: Can donate to B and AB; can receive from B and O.

  • Type AB: Universal recipient; can donate only to AB.

  • Type O: Universal donor; can receive only from O. Understanding transfusion compatibility is crucial for safe blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic reactions.