Biological approach flashcards set 1

Key assumptions of the biological approach

  • There is a direct correlation between brain activity and cognition

  • Biochemical imbalances can affect behaviour

  • Brain physiology can affect behaviour

  • Behaviour can be inherited (as it is determined by genetic information)

Evolution and the genetic basis of behaviour

Charles Darwin’s publication – On the Origin of Species (1859) – described the process of natural selection; characteristics that are not suited to a species’ environment will die out as it struggles to survive, and with time will evolve over generations so that only adaptive characteristics remain in future offspring.

Genes are the genetic information carried by DNA in chromosomes, found within a cell’s nucleus; they are passed on through generations of a species if individuals survive and successfully reproduce. In line with Darwin’s theory of evolution, it might also follow that genes form a basis of behaviour, as both behaviour and genes appear to be heritable. An example might be aggressive behaviour, in light of obvious survival benefits such as warding off predators and competing for resources.

The Biological Approach in Psychology

  • The biological approach in psychology emphasizes the role of biology and genetics in understanding human behavior and mental processes.

  • It views behavior as a result of physiological processes occurring within the body, including the brain, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

  • Key concepts in the biological approach include genetics, neuroanatomy, and neurochemistry.

  • Genetics play a significant role in shaping behavior and mental processes. Twin studies and adoption studies have provided evidence for the heritability of certain traits and disorders.

  • The brain is a central focus in the biological approach. Researchers study brain structures and functions using techniques like brain imaging (e.g., MRI, fMRI) to understand how they relate to behavior and cognition.

  • Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. Imbalances in these neurotransmitters have been linked to various psychological disorders.

  • The biological approach also explores the influence of hormones on behavior and mental processes. For example, testosterone is associated with aggression, while oxytocin is linked to social bonding.

  • Psychopharmacology is an important aspect of the biological approach. It involves the study of how drugs and medications affect brain chemistry and behavior. Medications like antidepressants and antipsychotics are commonly used to treat psychological disorders.

  • The biological approach has contributed to advancements in understanding and treating mental illnesses. It has helped develop effective medications and therapies that target specific biological mechanisms underlying psychological disorders.

  • However, the biological approach has limitations. It tends to oversimplify complex human behavior by reducing it to biological processes. It may neglect the influence of environmental and social factors on behavior.

  • In conclusion, the biological approach in psychology focuses on the biological basis of behavior and mental processes. It considers genetics, brain structures, neurotransmitters, hormones, and psychopharmacology to understand human behavior. While it has made significant contributions to the field, it is important to consider the interaction between biology and other factors in explaining behavior.