Lecture Notes on Staphylococcus and Related Infections
Staphylococcus Overview
Family: MICROCOCCACEAE, Genus: Staphylococcus
Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, catalase-positive
General Properties
Morphology: observed individually, in pairs, and in irregular clusters.
Coagulase positive: bound and extracellular coagulase mechanisms.
Resistant to high temperatures (~50°C), high salt, and drying.
Colonies are golden/yellow and often β-hemolytic on blood agar.
Virulence Factors
Adhesins: Protein A, fibronectin-binding proteins, and clumping factors.
Enzymes: Coagulase, lipase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, nuclease.
Toxins: α-toxin, β-toxin, PVL, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and TSST-1.
Tissue Invasion
α-toxin induces pore formation, breaching epithelial cell junctions.
Clinical Manifestations
Infections: skin and soft tissue (impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles), pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome.
Diagnostic Criteria
Skin and Soft Tissue: clinical appearance, culture.
Osteomyelitis: blood culture, bone aspirate, bone scan, MRI.
Septic Arthritis: joint fluid examination, Gram stain, culture.
Endocarditis: large-volume blood cultures, echocardiography.
Treatment
MSSA: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin), cephalosporins, clindamycin.
MRSA: Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and others.
Prevention
Maintain cleanliness and hand hygiene.
Use mupirocin for nasal colonization reduction in high-risk settings.
Coagulase-negative Staphylococci
Species include S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus; associated with opportunistic infections and biofilms on medical devices.
Lab Diagnosis
Techniques: microscopy, culture, biochemical reactions (catalase, coagulase), automated systems (ID32Staph, bioMerieux), MALDI TOF spectroscopy.