Sexual Orientation: Gender or genders to which a person is sexually attracted.
Sexual Identity: The way people think about themselves as sexual beings.
Origin of the Term "Lesbian": From the Greek island of Lesbos, birthplace of Sappho.
Homosexuality as a Diagnosable Illness:
Historically considered an illness in the U.S.
Most recently by the American Psychological Association.
Coming Out: Public disclosure of one’s gay sexual identity.
Acceptance of LGBT People: Europe is the most accepting part of the world.
Stonewall Rebellion: The first instance of LGBT people violently resisting mistreatment.
Setback in the 1990s: The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).
Matthew Shepard Act of 2009: Updated the Hate Crime Statistics Act to include gender expression and sexual identity.
Churches Performing Same-Sex Marriages: Example: United Church of Christ.
Approval of Homosexuality Influenced By:
Religiosity (tends to decrease approval).
Education (tends to increase approval).
Predictor of Support for Gay Rights: A personal relationship with someone who is gay or lesbian.
President Clinton’s Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy: Resulted in the discharge of many homosexual racial minorities and women from the military.
Social Science Research on Same-Sex Parents: Suggests a positive effect on their children.
Historical Parallels: Seneca Falls is to women’s rights as Stonewall is to gay rights.
Chapter 13: Dominant Minority Relations in Cross-National Perspective
Least Diverse Nations: Korea and Japan.
Unrest and Violence in Ireland: Evolved from Colonial British Rule & Religious conflict
Germany's New Challenges: A new wave of immigration.
Former Yugoslavia’s Complex Mix: Religious and ethnic backgrounds.
Primary Cause of Strife in Rwanda: Colonialism.
Tribal Groups in Rwanda Massacre: The Hutu and Tutsis.
Casualties in Rwandan Conflict: 800,000 people were murdered.
Germany’s Role in Rwanda: Germany put Tutsis in a position to govern the Hutus in a classic case of divide and conquer, largely setting the stage for the massacre.
Apartheid in South Africa: Ruled by the white minority (10% of the population) until recently.
Apartheid's Resemblance: Resembled Jim Crow Laws in the US.
First Black President of South Africa: Nelson Mandela.
Founding of Israel: A direct result of the horrors of the WWII Holocaust.
Brazil as a Colony: A colony of Portugal.
First Group in South Africa: The Dutch.
Race in Brazil: Race is seen as a series of categories that have ambiguous, indeterminate boundaries.
Duration of Apartheid in South Africa: 40 years.
Chapter 14: Minority Groups and U.S. Society
Group Benefiting from Industrialization: Descendants of European immigrants benefited most from the continuing industrialization of the United States in the twentieth century.
Questioning Assimilation: Since the 1960s, many minority spokespersons have questioned the wisdom of becoming assimilated in the United States.
Reason: They do not want to be a part of a society constructed by the systematic exploitation of minority groups.
Changes in the United States: The United States has become more tolerant and open, and minority group members can be found at the highest levels of success, affluence, and prestige.
Obvious Change: The decline of traditional racism and prejudice.
Outcome of Contact Situation: Determined by the prejudice of the dominant group
Prejudice vs. Discrimination:
Prejudice: An attitude.
Discrimination: A behavior.
Institutional Discrimination: Often difficult to identify and measure because the individuals who implement it may be non-prejudiced and unaware of what they are doing.
Stereotypes Examples: “All women cry easily” and “all Jews are greedy.”
Traditional Assimilation Model: Protestant “old” immigrants from Northern and Western Europe best fits this model.
Definition of Minority Group: Singled out for differential and unequal treatment.
What is stratification: Stratification is another term for class and the unequal distribution of valued resources.
Institutional Discrimination: When entire groups are treated unfairly and unequally in the institutions of the larger society
U.S. Citizens Threatened by Immigrants: Fear of danger to jobs, economy, and cultural integrity.