EVANTH Midterm: Bones and teeth

What information can osteologists get from a skeleton * age, sex, health status, appearance, behavior
What are the functions of bone: * RBC production, * support, * movement, * protection of vital organs, * mineral repository
What way do the respective anatomical planes run? * Transverse: top/down * Coronal: front/back * Saggital: left/right
Define the cardinal directions. * Anterior: towards the front * Posterior: towards the back * Inferior: towards the bottom * Superior: towards the top * Medial: towards the middle * Lateral: away from the middle * Proximal: near the attachment * Distal: away from the attachment
How many bones are in the skull (which contains the _______ and the __________)? How many bones are in the post cranial skeleton? * 28 bones, cranium and mandible * 178 bones,
The axial skeleton contains the _______________ and the appendicular skeleton contains the _______________. * Ribcage * Limbs
How many bones are in the human skeleton? Classify the number of each type. * 24 are ribs * 28 are vertebrae * 56 are phalanges * Of the remaining 98, 88 are paired * \
Parts of the Long Bone * Diaphysis: shaft/central part of long bone * Metaphysis: wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs * Epiphysis (proximal/distal): end part of long bones, initially growing separate from the shaft * Periosteum: fibrous membrane which adheres to all external surfaces of the bone except for those covered by cartilage * Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes * Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone * Articular cartilage: smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints * Medullar cavity: hollow parts of bone that contains bone marrow * Marrow: a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are formed * Nutrient artery: passage through which nutrients pass to bone * Nutrient foramen: small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery that supplies the bone
Cartilage * Most joint surfaces are covered by articular hyaline cartilage * Some joint surfaces are covered by white fibrocartilage
Muscle Attachments: where skeletal muscle attaches to bone
Three types of adult bone: * Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes * Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone * Subchondral bone: bone tissue underlying the calcified cartilage, attenuates forces generated through locomotion
Bone as living tissue: * As a living tissue, bone is intimately connected to the body’s blood supply, primarily through: * Nutrient arteries * Capillaries from periosteum
Role of bone marrow * Bone marrow: stored in the Medullary Cavity * Bone marrow: largely produced in the spongy bone * Bone marrow: two types: Red (produces blood cells); Yellow (fatty) * Bone marrow: conversion of red to yellow marrow as we age
Odontology * Parts of tooth * Crown: visibile, white part * Root: hidden part embedded in gum * Incisors * Incisors: Four front and center teeth * Canines * Canines: Pointy teeth * Premolars * Premolars: Two teeth before molars, * Premolars: Flat surface but smaller than molars * Molars * Molars: three back teeth * Molars: flat surface
Dental terminology * Cusp: raised occlusal on surface of tooth
Directional terminology * Labial: side of tooth that touches lips * Lingual: side of tooth that touches tongue
Dental Structure: Enamel * Enamel: covers the outer/chewing surface of the tooth * Enamel: made up of 97% mineral; the rest is water and trace organic * Enamel: Hardest substance in the body * Enamel: Does not remodel
Dental Structure: Dentine * Dentine: 70% hydroxyapatite crystals * Dentine: 20% collagen * Dentine: rest is water and trace organics * Dentine: softer than enamel, harder than bone
Dental Structure: Pulp * Pulp: soft, connective tissue within teeth * Pulp: contains blood vessels and pulp that enter through apical foramen * Pulp: serves largely as sensory system for the teeth * Pulp: also serves in the upkeep and rapid of dentine
Dental Structure: Cementum * Cementum: surrounds the root of the tooth * Cementum: about 65% mineral * Cementum: deposition continues through life * Cementum: made up of cellular and acellular layers * Cementum: attaches tooth to the alveolar bone via the periodontal ligament