EVANTH Midterm: Bones and teeth

What information can osteologists get from a skeleton

• age, sex, health status, appearance, behavior

What are the functions of bone:

• RBC production,

• support,

• movement,

• protection of vital organs,

• mineral repository

What way do the respective anatomical planes run?

• Transverse: top/down

• Coronal: front/back

• Saggital: left/right

Define the cardinal directions.

• Anterior: towards the front

• Posterior: towards the back

• Inferior: towards the bottom

• Superior: towards the top

• Medial: towards the middle

• Lateral: away from the middle

• Proximal: near the attachment

• Distal: away from the attachment

How many bones are in the skull (which contains the _______ and the __________)? How many bones are in the post cranial skeleton?

• 28 bones, cranium and mandible

• 178 bones,

The axial skeleton contains the _______________ and the appendicular skeleton contains the _______________.

• Ribcage

• Limbs

How many bones are in the human skeleton? Classify the number of each type.

• 24 are ribs

• 28 are vertebrae

• 56 are phalanges

• Of the remaining 98, 88 are paired

Parts of the Long Bone

• Diaphysis: shaft/central part of long bone

• Metaphysis: wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs

• Epiphysis (proximal/distal): end part of long bones, initially growing separate from the shaft

• Periosteum: fibrous membrane which adheres to all external surfaces of the bone except for those covered by cartilage

• Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes

• Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone

• Articular cartilage: smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints

• Medullar cavity: hollow parts of bone that contains bone marrow

• Marrow: a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are formed

• Nutrient artery: passage through which nutrients pass to bone

• Nutrient foramen: small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery that supplies the bone

Cartilage

• Most joint surfaces are covered by articular hyaline cartilage

• Some joint surfaces are covered by white fibrocartilage

Muscle Attachments: where skeletal muscle attaches to bone

Three types of adult bone:

• Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes

• Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone

• Subchondral bone: bone tissue underlying the calcified cartilage, attenuates forces generated through locomotion

Bone as living tissue:

• As a living tissue, bone is intimately connected to the body’s blood supply, primarily through:

  • Nutrient arteries

  • Capillaries from periosteum

Role of bone marrow

• Bone marrow: stored in the Medullary Cavity

• Bone marrow: largely produced in the spongy bone

• Bone marrow: two types: Red (produces blood cells); Yellow (fatty)

• Bone marrow: conversion of red to yellow marrow as we age

Odontology

• Parts of tooth

  • Crown: visibile, white part

  • Root: hidden part embedded in gum

• Incisors

  • Incisors: Four front and center teeth

• Canines

  • Canines: Pointy teeth

• Premolars

  • Premolars: Two teeth before molars,

  • Premolars: Flat surface but smaller than molars

• Molars

  • Molars: three back teeth

  • Molars: flat surface

Dental terminology

• Cusp: raised occlusal on surface of tooth

Directional terminology

• Labial: side of tooth that touches lips

• Lingual: side of tooth that touches tongue

Dental Structure: Enamel

• Enamel: covers the outer/chewing surface of the tooth

• Enamel: made up of 97% mineral; the rest is water and trace organic

• Enamel: Hardest substance in the body

• Enamel: Does not remodel

Dental Structure: Dentine

• Dentine: 70% hydroxyapatite crystals

• Dentine: 20% collagen

• Dentine: rest is water and trace organics

• Dentine: softer than enamel, harder than bone

Dental Structure: Pulp

• Pulp: soft, connective tissue within teeth

• Pulp: contains blood vessels and pulp that enter through apical foramen

• Pulp: serves largely as sensory system for the teeth

• Pulp: also serves in the upkeep and rapid of dentine

Dental Structure: Cementum

• Cementum: surrounds the root of the tooth

• Cementum: about 65% mineral

• Cementum: deposition continues through life

• Cementum: made up of cellular and acellular layers

• Cementum: attaches tooth to the alveolar bone via the periodontal ligament