EVANTH Midterm: Bones and teeth

  • What information can osteologists get from a skeleton

    • age, sex, health status, appearance, behavior

  • What are the functions of bone:

    • RBC production,

    • support,

    • movement,

    • protection of vital organs,

    • mineral repository

  • What way do the respective anatomical planes run?

    • Transverse: top/down

    • Coronal: front/back

    • Saggital: left/right

  • Define the cardinal directions.

    • Anterior: towards the front

    • Posterior: towards the back

    • Inferior: towards the bottom

    • Superior: towards the top

    • Medial: towards the middle

    • Lateral: away from the middle

    • Proximal: near the attachment

    • Distal: away from the attachment

  • How many bones are in the skull (which contains the _______ and the __________)? How many bones are in the post cranial skeleton?

    • 28 bones, cranium and mandible

    • 178 bones,

  • The axial skeleton contains the _______________ and the appendicular skeleton contains the _______________.

    • Ribcage

    • Limbs

  • How many bones are in the human skeleton? Classify the number of each type.

    • 24 are ribs

    • 28 are vertebrae

    • 56 are phalanges

    • Of the remaining 98, 88 are paired

  • Parts of the Long Bone

    • Diaphysis: shaft/central part of long bone

    • Metaphysis: wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs

    • Epiphysis (proximal/distal): end part of long bones, initially growing separate from the shaft

    • Periosteum: fibrous membrane which adheres to all external surfaces of the bone except for those covered by cartilage

    • Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes

    • Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone

    • Articular cartilage: smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints

    • Medullar cavity: hollow parts of bone that contains bone marrow

    • Marrow: a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are formed

    • Nutrient artery: passage through which nutrients pass to bone

    • Nutrient foramen: small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery that supplies the bone

  • Cartilage

    • Most joint surfaces are covered by articular hyaline cartilage

    • Some joint surfaces are covered by white fibrocartilage

  • Muscle Attachments: where skeletal muscle attaches to bone

  • Three types of adult bone:

    • Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes

    • Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone

    • Subchondral bone: bone tissue underlying the calcified cartilage, attenuates forces generated through locomotion

  • Bone as living tissue:

    • As a living tissue, bone is intimately connected to the body’s blood supply, primarily through:

      • Nutrient arteries

      • Capillaries from periosteum

  • Role of bone marrow

    • Bone marrow: stored in the Medullary Cavity

    • Bone marrow: largely produced in the spongy bone

    • Bone marrow: two types: Red (produces blood cells); Yellow (fatty)

    • Bone marrow: conversion of red to yellow marrow as we age

  • Odontology

    • Parts of tooth

      • Crown: visibile, white part

      • Root: hidden part embedded in gum

    • Incisors

      • Incisors: Four front and center teeth

    • Canines

      • Canines: Pointy teeth

    • Premolars

      • Premolars: Two teeth before molars,

      • Premolars: Flat surface but smaller than molars

    • Molars

      • Molars: three back teeth

      • Molars: flat surface

  • Dental terminology

    • Cusp: raised occlusal on surface of tooth

  • Directional terminology

    • Labial: side of tooth that touches lips

    • Lingual: side of tooth that touches tongue

  • Dental Structure: Enamel

    • Enamel: covers the outer/chewing surface of the tooth

    • Enamel: made up of 97% mineral; the rest is water and trace organic

    • Enamel: Hardest substance in the body

    • Enamel: Does not remodel

  • Dental Structure: Dentine

    • Dentine: 70% hydroxyapatite crystals

    • Dentine: 20% collagen

    • Dentine: rest is water and trace organics

    • Dentine: softer than enamel, harder than bone

  • Dental Structure: Pulp

    • Pulp: soft, connective tissue within teeth

    • Pulp: contains blood vessels and pulp that enter through apical foramen

    • Pulp: serves largely as sensory system for the teeth

    • Pulp: also serves in the upkeep and rapid of dentine

  • Dental Structure: Cementum

    • Cementum: surrounds the root of the tooth

    • Cementum: about 65% mineral

    • Cementum: deposition continues through life

    • Cementum: made up of cellular and acellular layers

    • Cementum: attaches tooth to the alveolar bone via the periodontal ligament

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