What information can osteologists get from a skeleton
age, sex, health status, appearance, behavior
What are the functions of bone:
RBC production,
support,
movement,
protection of vital organs,
mineral repository
What way do the respective anatomical planes run?
Transverse: top/down
Coronal: front/back
Saggital: left/right
Define the cardinal directions.
Anterior: towards the front
Posterior: towards the back
Inferior: towards the bottom
Superior: towards the top
Medial: towards the middle
Lateral: away from the middle
Proximal: near the attachment
Distal: away from the attachment
How many bones are in the skull (which contains the _______ and the __________)? How many bones are in the post cranial skeleton?
28 bones, cranium and mandible
178 bones,
The axial skeleton contains the _______________ and the appendicular skeleton contains the _______________.
Ribcage
Limbs
How many bones are in the human skeleton? Classify the number of each type.
24 are ribs
28 are vertebrae
56 are phalanges
Of the remaining 98, 88 are paired
Parts of the Long Bone
Diaphysis: shaft/central part of long bone
Metaphysis: wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs
Epiphysis (proximal/distal): end part of long bones, initially growing separate from the shaft
Periosteum: fibrous membrane which adheres to all external surfaces of the bone except for those covered by cartilage
Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes
Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone
Articular cartilage: smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
Medullar cavity: hollow parts of bone that contains bone marrow
Marrow: a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are formed
Nutrient artery: passage through which nutrients pass to bone
Nutrient foramen: small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery that supplies the bone
Cartilage
Most joint surfaces are covered by articular hyaline cartilage
Some joint surfaces are covered by white fibrocartilage
Muscle Attachments: where skeletal muscle attaches to bone
Three types of adult bone:
Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes
Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone
Subchondral bone: bone tissue underlying the calcified cartilage, attenuates forces generated through locomotion
Bone as living tissue:
As a living tissue, bone is intimately connected to the body’s blood supply, primarily through:
Nutrient arteries
Capillaries from periosteum
Role of bone marrow
Bone marrow: stored in the Medullary Cavity
Bone marrow: largely produced in the spongy bone
Bone marrow: two types: Red (produces blood cells); Yellow (fatty)
Bone marrow: conversion of red to yellow marrow as we age
Odontology
Parts of tooth
Crown: visibile, white part
Root: hidden part embedded in gum
Incisors
Incisors: Four front and center teeth
Canines
Canines: Pointy teeth
Premolars
Premolars: Two teeth before molars,
Premolars: Flat surface but smaller than molars
Molars
Molars: three back teeth
Molars: flat surface
Dental terminology
Cusp: raised occlusal on surface of tooth
Directional terminology
Labial: side of tooth that touches lips
Lingual: side of tooth that touches tongue
Dental Structure: Enamel
Enamel: covers the outer/chewing surface of the tooth
Enamel: made up of 97% mineral; the rest is water and trace organic
Enamel: Hardest substance in the body
Enamel: Does not remodel
Dental Structure: Dentine
Dentine: 70% hydroxyapatite crystals
Dentine: 20% collagen
Dentine: rest is water and trace organics
Dentine: softer than enamel, harder than bone
Dental Structure: Pulp
Pulp: soft, connective tissue within teeth
Pulp: contains blood vessels and pulp that enter through apical foramen
Pulp: serves largely as sensory system for the teeth
Pulp: also serves in the upkeep and rapid of dentine
Dental Structure: Cementum
Cementum: surrounds the root of the tooth
Cementum: about 65% mineral
Cementum: deposition continues through life
Cementum: made up of cellular and acellular layers
Cementum: attaches tooth to the alveolar bone via the periodontal ligament