AA

EVANTH Midterm: Bones and teeth

  • What information can osteologists get from a skeleton
    • age, sex, health status, appearance, behavior
  • What are the functions of bone:
    • RBC production,
    • support,
    • movement,
    • protection of vital organs,
    • mineral repository
  • What way do the respective anatomical planes run?
    • Transverse: top/down
    • Coronal: front/back
    • Saggital: left/right
  • Define the cardinal directions.
    • Anterior: towards the front
    • Posterior: towards the back
    • Inferior: towards the bottom
    • Superior: towards the top
    • Medial: towards the middle
    • Lateral: away from the middle
    • Proximal: near the attachment
    • Distal: away from the attachment
  • How many bones are in the skull (which contains the and the ___)? How many bones are in the post cranial skeleton?
    • 28 bones, cranium and mandible
    • 178 bones,
  • The axial skeleton contains the _ and the appendicular skeleton contains the _.
    • Ribcage
    • Limbs
  • How many bones are in the human skeleton? Classify the number of each type.
    • 24 are ribs
    • 28 are vertebrae
    • 56 are phalanges
    • Of the remaining 98, 88 are paired
    • \
  • Parts of the Long Bone
    • Diaphysis: shaft/central part of long bone
    • Metaphysis: wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs
    • Epiphysis (proximal/distal): end part of long bones, initially growing separate from the shaft
    • Periosteum: fibrous membrane which adheres to all external surfaces of the bone except for those covered by cartilage
    • Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes
    • Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone
    • Articular cartilage: smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
    • Medullar cavity: hollow parts of bone that contains bone marrow
    • Marrow: a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are formed
    • Nutrient artery: passage through which nutrients pass to bone
    • Nutrient foramen: small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery that supplies the bone
  • Cartilage
    • Most joint surfaces are covered by articular hyaline cartilage
    • Some joint surfaces are covered by white fibrocartilage
  • Muscle Attachments: where skeletal muscle attaches to bone
  • Three types of adult bone:
    • Compact bone: dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain osteocytes
    • Spongy bone: lighter and less dense than compact bone
    • Subchondral bone: bone tissue underlying the calcified cartilage, attenuates forces generated through locomotion
  • Bone as living tissue:
    • As a living tissue, bone is intimately connected to the body’s blood supply, primarily through:
    • Nutrient arteries
    • Capillaries from periosteum
  • Role of bone marrow
    • Bone marrow: stored in the Medullary Cavity
    • Bone marrow: largely produced in the spongy bone
    • Bone marrow: two types: Red (produces blood cells); Yellow (fatty)
    • Bone marrow: conversion of red to yellow marrow as we age
  • Odontology
    • Parts of tooth
    • Crown: visibile, white part
    • Root: hidden part embedded in gum
    • Incisors
    • Incisors: Four front and center teeth
    • Canines
    • Canines: Pointy teeth
    • Premolars
    • Premolars: Two teeth before molars,
    • Premolars: Flat surface but smaller than molars
    • Molars
    • Molars: three back teeth
    • Molars: flat surface
  • Dental terminology
    • Cusp: raised occlusal on surface of tooth
  • Directional terminology
    • Labial: side of tooth that touches lips
    • Lingual: side of tooth that touches tongue
  • Dental Structure: Enamel
    • Enamel: covers the outer/chewing surface of the tooth
    • Enamel: made up of 97% mineral; the rest is water and trace organic
    • Enamel: Hardest substance in the body
    • Enamel: Does not remodel
  • Dental Structure: Dentine
    • Dentine: 70% hydroxyapatite crystals
    • Dentine: 20% collagen
    • Dentine: rest is water and trace organics
    • Dentine: softer than enamel, harder than bone
  • Dental Structure: Pulp
    • Pulp: soft, connective tissue within teeth
    • Pulp: contains blood vessels and pulp that enter through apical foramen
    • Pulp: serves largely as sensory system for the teeth
    • Pulp: also serves in the upkeep and rapid of dentine
  • Dental Structure: Cementum
    • Cementum: surrounds the root of the tooth
    • Cementum: about 65% mineral
    • Cementum: deposition continues through life
    • Cementum: made up of cellular and acellular layers
    • Cementum: attaches tooth to the alveolar bone via the periodontal ligament