this course will bug you exam 2

  • Insect Morphology

    • Three Insect Tagmata: Head, Thorax, Abdomen
    • Head Functions:
    • Houses the brain
    • Contains mouthparts for feeding
    • External Structures of the Head:
    • Composed of sclerites
    • Major sense organs include compound eyes and antennae

  • Thorax

    • Function: Locomotion and flight
    • Structure:
    • Contains pairs of wings and legs
    • Three regions of thorax:
      1. Prothorax → Head + 1st pair of walking legs
      2. Mesothorax → Forewings + 2nd pair of walking legs
      3. Metathorax → Abdomen + 3rd pair of walking legs

  • Abdomen

    • Function: Houses digestive and reproductive systems
    • Structure:
    • Contains spiracles, ovipositor, cerci, and sometimes legs

  • Compound Eyes

    • Functions:
    • Detect form and movement
    • Process light

  • Simple Eyes

    • Function: Light detection only

  • Insect Mouthparts

    • Four basic types:
    1. Sucking / Piercing
    2. Sponging
    3. Chewing
    4. Siphoning

  • Antennae Functions

    • Sensory organs for taste, touch, smell, and hearing

  • Abdominal Appendages (non-reproductive):

    • Tympanum (ears in grasshoppers)
    • Stings (e.g., in bees)
    • Gills (for breathing underwater in certain nymphs)

  • Levels of Biological Organization:

    • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

  • Basic Unit of Life: Cells

  • Metabolic Processes:

    • Catabolism: Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones (e.g., digestion, respiration)
    • Anabolism: Builds larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g., photosynthesis)

  • Symbiotic Relationships:

    • Definitions:
    • Symbiosis: Close relationships between organisms
    • Parasitism: One benefits while harming the other
    • Commensalism: One benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed
    • Mutualism: Both benefit (can be obligatory or non-obligatory)

  • Examples:

    • Parasitism: Tapeworms in humans
    • Obligatory mutualism: Termites and protozoans

  • Cellular Respiration:

    • Function: Produce ATP
    • Difference from Breathing: Occurs at the cellular level
    • Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  • Photosynthesis:

    • Equation: 6H2O + 6CO2 + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
    • Role of Chlorophyll: Absorbs sunlight; important for energy conversion
    • Organisms Capable: Photoautotrophs

  • Lipid Function:

    • Monomers: Glycerol + Fatty Acids
    • Polymers: Triglycerides
    • Functions: Transport, regulation, signaling

  • Proteins:

    • Monomers: Amino acids
    • Polymers: Polypeptides, proteins
    • Functions: Growth, cellular communication
    • Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts
    • Factors Affecting Enzyme Efficiency: Temperature, pH, concentration

  • Nucleic Acids:

    • Monomers: Nucleotides
    • Polymers: DNA, RNA
    • Functions: Genetic information storage and transfer

  • Insect Circulatory System:

    • Difference from Humans: Insects have an open circulatory system; humans have a closed one

  • Insect Digestive System Function: Extracts nutrients

  • Comparison of Blood and Hemolymph:

    • Human blood vs Insect hemolymph

  • Lymphatic System in Humans:

    • Functions: Fluid removal, fat absorption, immune response (lymphocyte production)

  • Lymph Nodes Purpose: Monitor lymph and produce antibodies

    • Spleen Purpose: Filters blood