Seed plants

Gymnosperm
- Definition: A group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, known for having "naked seeds" not enclosed in an ovary.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Integument
- Definition: The outer layer of the ovule in seed plants that develops into the seed coat.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Sporopollenin
- Definition: A tough, resistant polymer found in the outer wall of spores and pollen grains, providing protection against environmental stresses.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Seed
- Definition: An embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, formed from the mature ovule of gymnosperms and angiosperms after fertilization.
- Ploidy: Diploid (embryo), Haploid (endosperm in angiosperms)
- Cell Division: Mitosis (post-fertilization)
Pollen
- Definition: The microgametophyte of seed plants, responsible for the delivery of sperm to the ovule.
- Ploidy: Haploid
- Cell Division: Meiosis (to form pollen), Mitosis (pollen development)
Ovules
- Definition: The structure in seed plants that develops into a seed after fertilization. It contains the female gametophyte.
- Ploidy: Diploid (integument), Haploid (gametophyte)
- Cell Division: Meiosis (to form gametophyte), Mitosis (gametophyte development)
Pollen Tube
- Definition: A tube that forms after pollen lands on the stigma, which allows the sperm cells to travel to the ovule for fertilization.
- Ploidy: Haploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Pollination
- Definition: The process by which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant, enabling fertilization.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Angiosperms
- Definition: A group of seed plants that have flowers and produce seeds enclosed within a carpel.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Petal
- Definition: The often colorful parts of a flower, usually found in a ring around the reproductive parts, and used to attract pollinators.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Sepal
- Definition: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Carpel
- Definition: The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Style
- Definition: The slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary in a flower.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Stigma
- Definition: The part of a flower where pollen germinates.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Ovary
- Definition: The part of the female reproductive organ in flowers that produces ovules.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Stamen
- Definition: The male reproductive organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-producing anther and a filament.
- Ploidy: Diploid (before meiosis), Haploid (pollen)
- Cell Division: Meiosis (to form pollen)
Complete Flowers
- Definition: Flowers that contain all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Incomplete Flowers
- Definition: Flowers that lack one or more of the four basic floral organs.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Cotyledon
- Definition: The first leaf or pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.
- Ploidy: Diploid
- Cell Division: Mitosis
Monocot
- Definition: A group of flowering plants typically having one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Dicot
- Definition: A group of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A
Eudicot
- Definition: A major group of flowering plants that are a clade within the "dicots" and are characterized by having two cotyledons, among other features.
- Ploidy: N/A
- Cell Division: N/A