Lesson 1 layers of the earth

Crust - top layer of the earth

Continental crust - can see the land

Thickness 30-45km

Oceanic crust - land under water

Thickness 6km

Weathering - process which involves breaking down of rocks and minerals

• Mechanical weathering - doesnt use chemicals

• Chemical weathering - uses of chemicals

Erosion - process of taking away of broken down rocks

Mohorovicic Discontinuity - boundary between the lower crust and upper mantle

Discovered by Andrija Mohorovicic (1909)

Mantle 84% of our earths volume

• Peridotite- igneous rock that is dark and contains diamonds

Guttenberg Discontinuity - boundary between lower mantle and outer core

Discovered by Weichert Guttenberg (1912)

Core - central part of the layer that has two parts (inner and outer)

• Discovered by Richald Oldham (1906)

• Rich in sulfer and iron

Outer core - only liquid layer of the earth

• responsible of the earth’s magnetic

• 2550 km

• 4500 - 5500 degrees Celsius

Inner core - Solid layer

• Discovered by Inge Lehmann

• 1220 km radius

Lehmann’s Discontinuity boundary between inner core and outer core

Asthenosphere - ductile part of the earth 1000km to 7000km

Plate tectonic - theory that tells that earth’s crust is divided into several parts that move or slide on the mantle

Lesson 2

Earthquakes

Moro Gulf 197 earthquake - strongest earthquake in the phillipines

Earthquakes - sudden shaking of the ground that occurs along geological faults

Richter Scale - scale used for measuring earthquakes named after Charles Richter

Seismic wave - causes earthquakes (detected by Seismographs)

4 types of earth quake

1. Tectonic earthquake - tectonics that slide bump and move apart from each other

2. Volcanic earthquake - volcanic activity

3. Explosion earthquake - bombs

4. Collapse earthquake - a huge part of land masses collapse

Parts of earthquake

1. Epicenter - point directly above the surface

2. Fault - slipping of a block of earth’s crust

3. Focus / Hypocenter - origin of earthquake

Faults - found between two blocks of earth’s crust

• weak point on earth’s crust

Hanging wall - above the fault plane

Foot wall - below the fault plane

Reverse fault - compression force

• Left=hanging

• Right=foot

Normal fault

• Left=foot

• right hanging

Strike slip fault - sliding off each other

Lesson 3

Typhoons -

NW - Typhoon

SP - cyclone

NA - hurricane

Typhoon - intense circular storms that originate over 1 tropical oceans and have a maximum sustained windspeed exceeding 119 km/h

Philippine,Atmospheric,Geophysical,Astronomical,Services,Administration (PAGASA)

Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)

Strongest Typhoon = Yolanda

Typhoons are formed by warm and moist air

Tropical Cyclone = scientific form of typhoon

warm and moist air rises up and condensates and turn clouds specifically cumulonimbus

Parts of typhoon

1. Eye - center of typhoon were the air sinks and is mostly cloud free generally calm and does not exceed 24 km/h

2. Eye wall - composed of tall rings of thunder storms that produce heavy rains and strong winds changes in the eye wall can affect the wind speed

3. Rain bands - clouds that move away from the eye wall and moves in a spirally motion brings heavy rain and winds

Classifications of typhoons

1. Tropical depression - 6 kp/h

2. Severe tropical storm - 62- 88 kp/h

3. Severe tropical storm - 89-117 kp/h

4. Typhoon - 118-220 kp/h

5. Super typhoon - +220kp/h

Affects land masses and bodies of water to typhoons

1. Bodies of water = more water more stronger

2. Land masses = no water typhoon grows weaker

Lesson 4

Asteroids - are generally rocky and irregularly shaped celestial objects that are formed for over 1.6 billion years ago from debris or formation of the solar system

Classifications of asteroids

C-type - chondrite, clay, and silicates

S-type - stony, nickel, iron, and other silicates

M-type - metallic, pure nickel, and iron

Classifications of asteroids according to location

Main belt - asteroid belt

Near earth asteroid - near earth

Trojans - near jupiter land range

Parts of comet

Nucleus - 50 km across and only solid part of the comet

Coma - envelops or cloud of the nucleus

Tail - blown by solar wind

Comets

1. dirty snowballs

2. madeup of frozen gases rock and dust that orbit the sun

3. as the comet approachces the sun it heats up and its giant head starts to glow

4. is solid central part of the comet

5. generally around 50km across or less

6. an envelope or cloud created around the nucleus when the commet gets close to the sun and gases

7. created when the radiation and solar wind from the sun pushes some of the dust particles from the coma

Classifications of comets

1. long-period comets

   named after Jan oort

   outermost part of the solar system

2. originated from the oort cloud

2. Short-period comets

originated from the kuiper belt

area where most comets are found

located near the orbits of neptune up to pluto

3.Halley's Comet

short period comet

comes near earth every 75 to 76 years

visible to human eye

can be seen twice in a human lifetime

edmond halley

Meteroid, meteor, and meteorite

Meteoroids

rock and metallic in nature that orbits the solar system

generally composed of nickel and iron

iron (metallic) meteorite

stony (rocky) meteorite

stony-iron (combination) meteorite

Meteors

a streak of light created when a meteoroid enters earth's atmosphere and burns up

“shooting stars or falling stars"

also called fireballs

completely burn up in the atmosphere in most cases

Meteorites

large enough meteoroids that could still reach the surface of the earth

three types of meteorites according to composition

iron (metallic) meteorite

stony (rocky) or stone meteorite

stony-iron (combination) meteorite