Nutrition material 11

Activity and Bone Density
- True or False: As long as we stay active, we can continue to increase bone density throughout our lives.
Calcium Sources
- True or False: Very few foods—except milk, yogurt, and cheese—provide calcium.
Vitamin D Production
- True or False: The body is capable of making vitamin D, so we do not necessarily have to consume it in our diet.
Osteoporosis Affects
- True or False: Osteoporosis is a disease that affects only elderly women.
Weight and Bone Health
- True or False: Being overweight or obese may increase a person’s risk for osteoporosis.

Functions and Types of Bone, Growth, and Remodeling (pp. 430–433)
Assessment of Bone Density and T-score Significance (pp. 433–434)
Functions of Calcium, Absorption Factors, Food Sources, and Toxicity/Deficiency (pp. 434–441)
Functions of Vitamin D, Synthesis Process, Food Sources, and Toxicity/Deficiency (pp. 441–447)
Contribution of Vitamin K to Bone Health, Food Sources, and Toxicity/Deficiency (pp. 447–449)
Roles of Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Fluoride in Bone Health, Food Sources, and Toxicity/Deficiency (pp. 449–453)
Osteoporosis Consequences, Risk Factors, and Treatment (pp. 453–459)

Bone Functions:
- Support for body structures.
- Protection of vital organs (e.g., rib cage protects heart and lungs).
- Movement in conjunction with muscles and tendons.
- Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus).
- Blood cell production.
Types of Bone:
- Cortical Bone: Dense outer layer.
- Trabecular Bone: Spongy interior with rapid turnover; sensitive to hormonal changes and nutrient deficiencies.
Bone Cell Activity:
- Osteoclasts: Cells that break down bone.
- Osteoblasts: Cells that build new bone.

Bone Growth: Increases size from birth until early adulthood.
- Rapid growth occurs in early childhood and adolescence.
Bone Modeling: Determines bone shape throughout development.
Bone Remodeling: Continuous process in adulthood to maintain bone integrity.
- Resorption: Breakdown of old bone.
- Formation: Building of new bone.

Peak Bone Density: Influenced by nutrition, activity level, and hormonal factors.
Age Factors: Bone mass increases until around age 30, then begins to decline, especially after age 40.

Functions of Calcium:
- Provides structure and strength to bones and teeth.
- Regulates nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
- Maintains acid-base balance.
Absorption Factors: Enhanced by Vitamin D.
Food Sources: Dairy products, leafy greens, fortified foods.
Calcium Toxicity and Deficiency:
- Toxicity uncommon; may cause imbalances with other minerals.
- Deficiency leads to weaker bones and increased risk of fractures.

Functions:
- Enhances calcium absorption.
- Supports bone mineralization and health of teeth.
Synthesis: Sunlight exposure converts precursors in the skin to active Vitamin D.
Deficiency Consequences: Leads to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children.
Sources: Fatty fish, fortified dairy, supplements.

Functions:
- Acts as a coenzyme for proteins that regulate calcium metabolism.
- Necessary for synthesis of bone proteins (e.g., osteocalcin).
Food Sources: Green leafy vegetables, cheese, eggs.

Phosphorus: Key component of bone structure; RDA of 700 mg/day.
Magnesium: Important for calcium metabolism; RDA varies by age and gender.
Fluoride: Involved in dental health; no established RDA.
- AI for adults is 4 mg for men and 3 mg for women.

Osteoporosis Description: Characterized by low bone density and risk of fractures.
Risk Factors:
- Nonmodifiable: Age, gender, family history.
- Modifiable: Nutrition, physical activity, lifestyle choices (smoking, drinking).

Nutritional Support: Adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, protein, and regular exercise are crucial.
Medications for Osteoporosis: Include bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other treatments to mitigate bone loss.

Osteoporosis is a significant health issue affecting millions; effective management includes a combination of dietary care, lifestyle modifications, and possible pharmacological intervention.