1. The healthcare industry is a complex system of what types of services?

Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Preventive services 

2. Who provides healthcare services?

Hospitals, clinics, government and volunteer agencies, pharmaceutical and medical equipment manufacturers, and private insurance companies. 

3. What are the percentages of jobs (by service) in the healthcare industry?

Hospitals (39%), Offices of Health Practitioners (26%), Nursing and Other Residential Facilities (20%).

4. How do consumers in the US obtain healthcare services?

  Choosing their doctor, clinic, or hospital 

5. How is Canada’s health insurance system implemented?

Each province or territory has its own unique health insurance plan

6. How is the UK health insurance system implemented?

Funded by the general taxation, and emphasizes preventative community services and coordination of primary and acute care. 

7. What are some types of direct health services offered by the US?

TRICARE by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), te Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA), and the Indian Health Service (IHS)

8. Explain the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

Medicare- individual health care for the elderly

Medicaid- health care for the low-income uninsured 

9. Define the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

The federal government also funds loans and scholarships for students in the health professions. 

10. Identify and explain the 5 types of healthcare services?

Health Promotion- helps clients reduce the risk of illness, maintain optimal function, and follow healthy life-styles

Disease Prevention- educational efforts aimed at involving consumers in their own care include attention to and recognition of risk factors, environmental changes to reduce the threat of illness, occupational safety measures, and public health education programs and legislation

Diagnosis and Treatment- diagnosis of illness involves physician visits, and if necessary, laboratory tests, X-rays, and other technology to make a diagnosis

Rehabilitation- involves the restoration of a person to normal or near-normal function after a physical or mental illness, including chemical addiction

Chronic Care- ongoing care for a chronic health condition such as diabetes, which requires long-term monitoring and adjustments in diet, medication, and physical activity

11. What do medical care settings include?

Offices of health practitioners, nursing and residential facilities, home health services, and outpatient clinics, laboratories, and ambulatory services as well as the primary inpatient setting, hospitals.

12. What do public health settings include?

Usually community based and may be voluntary organizations, such as the American Cancer Society, or government supported entities, such as the city, county, or state public health department.

13. If a patient requires diagnosis and treatment, where can they find health care?

They can find health care in physicians offices, ambulatory care centers, and outpatient clinics. 

14. Who are freestanding immediate care clinics staffed by?

They are staffed by physicians or located inside a pharmacy and staffed by nurse practitioners or physician assistants who provide immunizations and treat minor, acute illnesses such as colds, cuts, or sprains.

15. Who are the health professionals that provide rehabilitation services?

Physical therapists, occupational therapists

16. List some community based agencies

Federally supported health centers, adult daycare centers, home health agencies, crisis intervention, and drug rehab centers, halfway houses, and various support groups.

17. What are Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) and what do they do?

It is the largest comprehensive safety net of primary and preventive care in the country, with nearly 1400 centers in the United states. The centers provide a medical home for medically unserved populations. They serve over 30 million people in the US.

18. What types of health professionals are employed at Federally Qualified Health Centers?

Physicians, physicians assistant, nurses, nurse practitioners, midwives, social workers, health educators, and behavioral health counselors.

19. What is the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) model?

The patient care is coordinated by a primary care provider to ensure that patients receive culturally appropriate care when and where they need it.

20. What are PCMHs able to achieve?

Strong patient outcomes even though the patients are often sicker than the general population. They have fewer emergency room or hospital visits resulting in cost savings to the government.

21. What are privately funded free medical clinics (FMCs)?

FMCs are non profit, community or faith based organizations that provide health care at little or no charge for those with a low income.

22. Who are FMCs financially supported by?

Hospitals, medical associations, secular community organizations, faith-based entities, foundations, and fundraising.

23. Who are FMC clinics staffed by?

Volunteer health professionals and non-licensed medical personnel or lay volunteers.

24. Why would someone not be eligible for health insurance?

Immigration status or income is too high.

25. Besides delivering primary patient care, what else do hospitals do?

Train health personnel, conduct research, and disseminate information to consumers.

26. Hospitals are the second-largest business in the US and they employ what percentage of health personnel?

40% of health personnel. Hospitals are the largest employers for health professions

27. What are the 3 major forces affecting the development of hospitals?

Advances in medical science, advances in medical education, transformation of nursing into a profession by requiring training in caring for the wounded and ill.

28. What has had a substantial impact on hospitals?

The growth of health insurance and the role of government in the hospital industry.

29. Who owns private hospitals?

Groups such as churches, businessess, corporations, and physicians.

30. Who finances and owns public hospitals?

Government agency (city, county, or state).

31. Who owns and operates voluntary hospitals? Voluntary hospitals are both owned and operated by Church communities. 

32. Who operates proprietary hospitals? The main goal of the proprietary hospitals is to financially benefit people, partnerships and corporations. Those who sign management contracts to these hospitals operate them

33. Define community hospitals. Specialty hospitals designed to treat specific health problems, which may include obstetrics and gynecology; ear, nose, and throat; rehabilitation, and orthopedic conditions

34. Define the hospital system. More than one hospital managed by one organization or a single hospital that includes other healthcare organizations

35. What are the 3 agencies that the federal government operates hospitals and clinics for? Federally -owned hospitals operate the Veterans Administration (VA), TRICARE from the Department of Defense  (DoD), and the IHS- Indian Health Services. 

36. What is TRICARE? A managed healthcare program for active-duty and retired members of the armed services, their families, and survivors. 

37. What is ambulatory care? Care that is provided outside institutional settings, which is considered ambulatory care 

38. What is the most familiar kind of ambulatory care? The most familiar kind of ambulatory care is single office practitioners or a group practice in a non-institutional clinic

39. Who are the principal health practitioners in ambulatory care? Physicians, nurses, dentists, medical lab technicians, physical therapists, and medical/nursing assistants are the principal health practitioners. 

40. What do behavioral health disorders include? Substance abuse, eating disorders, and gambling addictions are all types of behavioral disorders. 

41. Who are the behavioral health personnel involved in the delivery of services?

Psychiatrists, who are physicians who make a diagnosis, prescribe medications, and may provide psychotherapy. Other health professionals include psychologists, clinical social workers, behavioral disorder counselors, and psychiatric nurses who have advanced degrees and who provide case management and or psychotherapy

42. What is informed consent?

Physicians must obtain permission from the patient to perform certain actions or procedures. 

43. When must informed consent be obtained?

Informed consent must be obtained before beginning an invasive procedure, administering an experimental drug, or entering the patient into any research project.

44. What are the important factors when obtaining informed consent?

Client must be rational and competent or be represented by someone and that the document must be written in a language the client can understand, describe all the risks involved, state the participation is voluntary, and list the benefits of the produce and the alternatives to the procedure

45. What is the mission of the Division of Health and Human Services (HHS)?

Enhance and protect the health and wellbeing of all Americans by providing for effective health and human services and fostering advances in medicine, public health, and social services

46. What is HHS responsible for?

Medicare, Medicacid, public health, biomedical research, food and drug safety, disease control and prevention, Indian health services, and mental health services

47. What are the six basic functions for the Public Health Service?

Collecting and reporting vital statistics such as birth, death and incidence of disease; Controlling communicable diseases such as influenza and measles; maintaining a sanitary and safe supply of food and water; ensuring maternal and child health by providing prenatal care; improving health education on common diseases through publications and state and local outreach; providing laboratory services to track communicable disease such as HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, influenza, and outbreaks of foodborne illnesses

48. Where do individual states report health statistics?

National Center for Health Statistics

49. What does the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) do?

Compiles, analyzes, and reports data on disease prevalence

50. Who does the CDC work in cooperation with?

The CDC working in cooperation with infectious disease specialists around the world to track outbreaks of infectious diseases and to develop vaccines and other treatment protocols