Definitions Pertaining to Multilingualism and Multiculturalism
Definitions Pertaining to Multilingualism and Multiculturalism
Language Proficiency
Definition: Language proficiency refers to skill or ability in a particular linguistic code (Kohnert et al., 2020).
Continuum Concept: Proficiency is better viewed as a continuum from low to high, with potential movement in either direction for each language over time (Kohnert et al., 2020).
L1 & L2
L1: Refers to the home language of the speaker or the first language to which the speaker was exposed (UNIGLO, 2020).
L2: Refers to the community language or the language used in formal education programs; it is the second language to which the speaker was exposed (UNIGLO, 2020).
Dominant Language
Definition: The dominant language refers to the speaker's more robust language (Hemàndez-Chávez, 1978).
Context-Specific Proficiency: Proficiency can be context-specific; one language might be more dominant in school, while another may dominate at home.
Non-Dominant Language
Definition: The non-dominant language of a speaker refers to their weaker language (Hemàndez-Chávez, 1978).
Code-Switching
Definition: Code-switching (also called code-mixing) occurs when individuals use more than one language or dialect to communicate within a conversation (Kohnert et al., 2020).
using black english ( ebonics) when youre with family, and proper english at work
Nature of Code-Switching: It is a communication tool and not indicative of disorder, delays, or deficits in language use.
Bilingual Children: Young bilingual children may use code-switching strategically to fill lexical or linguistic gaps (Greene et al., 2013).
Additive Bilingualism
Definition: Occurs when the development of both or all languages reflects the goals of the social and educational system.
Value of Languages: Additive bilingualism happens in environments where both languages are valued.
Subtractive Bilingualism
Definition: Reflects a situation where "development in one language is promoted at the expense of development in the other language" (Kohnert et al., 2020, p. 87).
Acculturation
Dimensions:
(a) The degree to which individuals from the minority group acquire aspects of the majority (host) culture.
(b) The degree to which individuals retain aspects of their culture of origin.
Biculturalism
Definition: Occurs when an individual is oriented towards both their minority culture and the majority culture (Kohnert et al., 2020).
Assimilation
Definition: The process in which individuals or groups of minority cultures are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society, adopting traits, values, or beliefs of the dominant culture (Pauls, 2019).
taking on parts of the dominant culture
Definitions Pertaining to Multilingualism and Multiculturalism
Definitions Pertaining to Multilingualism and Multiculturalism
Language Proficiency
Definition: Language proficiency refers to skill or ability in a particular linguistic code (Kohnert et al., 2020).
Continuum Concept: Proficiency is better viewed as a continuum from low to high, with potential movement in either direction for each language over time (Kohnert et al., 2020).
L1 & L2
L1: Refers to the home language of the speaker or the first language to which the speaker was exposed (UNIGLO, 2020).
L2: Refers to the community language or the language used in formal education programs; it is the second language to which the speaker was exposed (UNIGLO, 2020).
Dominant Language
Definition: The dominant language refers to the speaker's more robust language (Hemàndez-Chávez, 1978).
Context-Specific Proficiency: Proficiency can be context-specific; one language might be more dominant in school, while another may dominate at home.
Non-Dominant Language
Definition: The non-dominant language of a speaker refers to their weaker language (Hemàndez-Chávez, 1978).
Code-Switching
Definition: Code-switching (also called code-mixing) occurs when individuals use more than one language or dialect to communicate within a conversation (Kohnert et al., 2020).
using black english ( ebonics) when youre with family, and proper english at work
Nature of Code-Switching: It is a communication tool and not indicative of disorder, delays, or deficits in language use.
Bilingual Children: Young bilingual children may use code-switching strategically to fill lexical or linguistic gaps (Greene et al., 2013).
Additive Bilingualism
Definition: Occurs when the development of both or all languages reflects the goals of the social and educational system.
Value of Languages: Additive bilingualism happens in environments where both languages are valued.
Subtractive Bilingualism
Definition: Reflects a situation where "development in one language is promoted at the expense of development in the other language" (Kohnert et al., 2020, p. 87).
Acculturation
Dimensions:
(a) The degree to which individuals from the minority group acquire aspects of the majority (host) culture.
(b) The degree to which individuals retain aspects of their culture of origin.
Biculturalism
Definition: Occurs when an individual is oriented towards both their minority culture and the majority culture (Kohnert et al., 2020).
Assimilation
Definition: The process in which individuals or groups of minority cultures are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society, adopting traits, values, or beliefs of the dominant culture (Pauls, 2019).
taking on parts of the dominant culture
