Introduction to Sociology Flashcards

Introduction to Sociology

Sociology is the study of society, culture, and institutions.

What is Sociology?

• Sociology is the scientific study of society, social relationships, and institutions.
• It focuses on human behavior within groups.

Founders of Sociology

• Auguste Comte: Considered the "Father of Sociology."
• Karl Marx: Known for his theories on class conflict.
• Emile Durkheim: Studied social integration.
• Max Weber: Focused on the influence of culture and religion.

Sociology vs. Psychology

• Sociology examines groups and institutions.
• Psychology studies individual behavior.
• Both fields study human behavior but from different perspectives.

Defining Culture

• Culture consists of shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects that define a group.

Types of Culture

• Material culture: Physical items (e.g., tools, clothing).
• Nonmaterial culture: Beliefs and values.
• Different types of culture: popular culture, subculture, and counterculture.

Cultural Spread vs. Isolation

• Spread of culture occurs through innovation and mixing.
• Isolation leads to the preservation of tradition.
• Common elements include language and values.

Economics & Culture

• Economics shapes social roles, access to resources, and lifestyle.
• It influences consumption patterns, education, and values.

Culture in Society

• Culture is seen in various aspects of society, including:
  • Art
  • Language
  • Customs
  • Education
  • Religion

Cultural Stereotypes

• Cultural stereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups.
• To identify them, look for generalizations and bias.

How is Sociology Studied?

• Quantitative methods: Surveys and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative methods: Interviews and case studies.

When Did Sociology Begin?

• Sociology was formalized in the 1800s during the Industrial and Political Revolutions.

Culture & Sociology

• Culture is a central concept in sociology.
• It shapes all social behavior.

Cultural Universals

• Cultural universals are elements found in every culture:
  • Language
  • Family
  • Religion

Commonalities in Culture

• Norms, values, and symbols are shared across societies.

Archetypes in Society

• Universal characters:
  • Hero
  • Mentor
  • Villain
  • Innocent

What Are Social Institutions?

• Structures organizing key societal functions:
  • Family
  • Education
  • Religion
  • Economy
  • Government

The Primary Institution: Family

• The family is the first source of learning values, roles, and norms.

Functions & Influences

• Functions of social institutions: Socialization and support.
• Influences on social institutions: The economy, politics, technology, and culture.