Unit 2 Reading and Review Guide

Unit 2: Demographics and Migration

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Overview of Population and Migration Studies

• Key Areas of Focus: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

  • Population (Chapter 2)

    • Population concentrations

    • CBR (Crude Birth Rate), CDR (Crude Death Rate), NIR (Natural Increase Rate), TFR (Total Fertility Rate), IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

    • Doubling Time

    • Changing roles of females and their impact on fertility

    • Causes and consequences of an aging population

    • Pronatalist, antinatalist, and immigration policies

    • Demographic Transition Model (Stages 1-4)

    • Population Pyramids

    • Thomas Malthus Theory and critiques

    • Epidemiological Transition

  • Migration (Chapter 3)

    • Push vs. Pull Factors (social, cultural, political, economic)

    • Intervening Obstacles and Opportunities

    • Internal vs. International Migration

    • Characteristics of Migrants

    • Immigration Patterns over time

    • Brain Drain and Gain

    • Counterurbanization

    • Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Key Issue 1

1. Reasons for Studying Population:

   • a. To understand demographic trends and their applications in policy-making

   • b. To analyze how population impacts societal developments

   • c. To assess economic implications of population changes

2. Overpopulation vs. Carrying Capacity:

   • Overpopulation refers to a situation where the number of people exceeds the resources available, whereas carrying capacity is the maximum population that an environment can sustainably support.

3. World Regions with High Population:

   Region	Characteristics	Similarities
   East Asia	High density in urban areas, industrialized	Economically significant
   South Asia	Agricultural, rural populations, diverse cultures	High fertility rates
   Southeast Asia	High ecological diversity, coastal regions	Economic growth potential
   Europe	Highest historical migration; urban centers	Low birth rates

4. Ecumene:

   • Defined as inhabited land; has expanded due to technological advancements, urbanization, and population growth over the last 250 years.

5. Types of Density:

   • a. Arithmetic Density: Total population divided by total land area.

   • b. Physiological Density: Total population divided by arable land area, reflecting the pressure on agricultural land.

   • c. Agricultural Density: Farmers per unit of arable land, indicating efficiency in agriculture.

Key Issue 2

6. Demographic Factors and Development:

   • a. CBR: Indicator of birth trends and maternal health.;

   • b. CDR: Reflects mortality and health standards;

   • c. NIR: Shows population growth dynamics;

   • d. TFR: Indicates fertility expectations in a society;

   • e. LE: Measure of life quality and healthcare effectiveness;

   • f. IMR: Assesses health of mothers and children.

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7. Doubling Time:

   • Defined as the period it takes for a population to double; affected by:

     • a. Birth rates: Higher birth rates lead to shorter doubling times.

     • b. Death rates: Lower death rates contribute to shorter doubling times.

     • c. Increase rates: Positive net increases shorten doubling time.

8. Importance of Industrial Revolution:

   • Critical as it marked a shift in population growth due to urbanization and advancements in technology; relevant today as similar changes occur globally.

9. Demographic Transition Model (DTM):

   Stage	CBR	CDR	NIR	Explanation
   1	High	High	Low	Pre-industrial societies; limited resources.
   2	High	Declining	High	Improvements in healthcare and sanitation.
   3	Declining	Low	Moderate	Urbanization leads to lower birth rates.
   4	Low	Low	Low	Advanced economies; stable populations.
   5	Very Low	Low	Negative	Declining population due to low fertility.

Key Issue 3

10. Statistics for Development:

    • a. Maternal Mortality Ratio: Reflects healthcare quality.

    • b. Physicians Density: Indicates healthcare access.

    • c. Hospital Bed Density: Reveals healthcare resource availability.

    • d. Healthcare Expenditure: Shows national healthcare investments.

    • e. Life Expectancy: Reflects overall quality of life and health standards.

11. Dependency Ratio vs. Elderly Support Ratio:

• Dependency Ratio measures the proportion of dependents (ages 0-14 and >65) to the working-age population, whereas Elderly Support Ratio focuses specifically on the elderly (65+).

12. Population Pyramid:

    • Illustrates age structure and gender distribution, revealing insights into:

      • a. Dependency ratio: Higher ratios indicate more dependents.

      • b. Sex ratio: Gender imbalances in populations.

      • c. Over/Under Population: Implications for societal needs and economic systems.

      • d. Development: Development stages and associated demographic structures.

13. Demographic Transition & Population Pyramids:

• Stage 1-5 Benefits/Concerns Chart:

  Stage	Negative Aspects	Positive Aspects
  1	High mortality, child labor	Low dependency
  2	Strain on resources	Population growth
  3	Aging population	Economic contribution of workforce
  4	Potential labor shortages	Innovation and productivity increase
  5	Shrinking workforce	Improved living standards

14. Epidemiologic Transition Stages: | Stage | Causes of Death/Disease | Explanation ||-------|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|| 1 | Pestilence and famine | Early human societies; high mortality rates. || 2 | Receding pandemics | Improvement in sanitation and medicine. || 3 | Degenerative diseases | Lifestyle-related diseases become prevalent. || 4 | Delayed degenerative diseases | Increased life expectancies due to advances. || 5 | Reemergence of infectious diseases | Issues from anti-vaccination movements. |

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15. Anti-natalist vs. Pro-natalist Policies:

• Anti-natalist: Policies discouraging births (e.g., China’s One-Child Policy).

• Pro-natalist: Policies encouraging births (e.g., tax incentives for families).

16. Lowering Birth Rates:

• a. Education and Healthcare: Informed women tend to have fewer children.

• b. Medical Technology: Family planning methods control births.

• c. Women’s Rights: Empowerment leads to less pressure for high birth rates.

17. Thomas Malthus:<br>

• Theorized population growth would outpace food production, leading to famine.

18. Neo-Malthusians:<br>

• Contemporary supporters of Malthus’s ideas, emphasizing sustainability and limits to growth.

19. Critics of Malthusian Theory:<br>

• Argue that technology and innovation can avert resource crises.

Chapter 3: Migration

Key Issue 1

1. Emigration vs. Immigration:

   • a. Emigration: Leaving a country.

   • b. Immigration: Entering a new country.

   • c. Net Migration: Difference between levels of emigration and immigration.

2. Dominant International Migration Flows:

   • Global trends indicate migration from LDCs to MDCs for better opportunities.

3. Types of Migration:

   • Voluntary: Migrants choose to move.

   • Forced: Migrants move due to adverse conditions (e.g., war).

4. Types of Internal Migration:

   • a. Interregional Migration: Movement across regions (e.g., rural to urban).

   • b. Intraregional Migration: Movement within a region (e.g., city to suburb).

5. Historical Immigration in the USA:

   Time Period	Groups	Reasons for Migration
   19th Century	Irish, German	Famine, economic opportunities
   20th Century	Latin American, Asian	Escape violence, seek prosperity

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6. Shifts in Population Center:

   • Historical migration trends show population moving south and west in the USA due to economic opportunities.

7. International Migration Shifts:

   • a. Canada: Urbanization due to economic opportunities in cities.

   • b. China: Rural to urban migration due to economic reforms.

   • c. Russia: Internal migration toward urban centers.

   • d. Brazil: People migrating to coastal cities for job availability.

8. Types of Intraregional Migration:

   • a. Rural to Urban (Urbanization): People move to cities for job opportunities.

   • b. Urban to Suburban (Suburbanization): Families seeking better living conditions.

   • c. Urban to Rural (Counterurbanization): Move towards rural areas for lifestyle change.

Key Issue 3

9. Causes of Migration - Push and Pull Factors:

   • Push Factors: Negative aspects driving people to migrate (e.g., war, poverty).

   • Pull Factors: Positive aspects attracting migrants (e.g., better job prospects, safety).

10. Remittances:

    • Funds transferred by migrants to their home countries, providing economic support.

11. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration:

    • a. Migrants typically travel short distances.

    • b. Gender patterns show men are more likely to migrate long distances than women.

    • c. Younger individuals are more likely to migrate than older individuals.

Key Issue 4

12. Changes in US Quota Laws:

    • Evolved to manage immigration, balancing the need for labor and societal impacts.

13. Congress Preferences for Immigration:

    • Preference for family reunification policies and skills-based immigration.

14. Brain Drain:

    • The emigration of highly trained or educated individuals from one country to another, impacting both MDCs and LDCs.

15. Chain Migration:

    • Process where migrants follow others from their community or family for settlement in a new area.