Population density and distribution are two different things.

• Distribution is how ppl are spread out across a specific area.

• Population density is how many ppl are located in a particular area.

population density:

1. Arithmetic: total population/ total land area

2. Physiological: total population/ arable land

3. Agricultural: total farmers/ arable land

Sex ratio: The no. of males per 100 females in a population

• Sex ratio under 100 means that there are fewer males than females

• Over 100 means there are more males than females

• At 100 means there is an equal no. of males and females

Dependency Ratio: the ratio of people who are not in the labor force to those who are actively working.

• High child dependency ratio (0-14) - it’s a sign for society- need more schools, daycare-our population is growing

• Elderly dependency ratio ( 65+) - they aren’t paying much taxes so the tax revenue decreases. They cant provide services.

  • They will have more burdens of social security, health care, retirement homes.

How will aging societies change the priorities of a society?

• Higher taxes

• Need for more healthcare

POPULATION PYRAMIDS!!!!!!!!

Crude Birth Rate (CBR): total no.of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive.

Crude Death Rate (CDR): total no. of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive.

Rate of Natural increase (RNI): the growth rate of a population (CBR-CDR) (Migration is NOT factored in)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average no. of children a woman will have during reproductive years.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): total no. of deaths under 1 year of age in a year for every 1,000 live births.

Doubling Time: the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.

DTM

• Stage 1 (no countries)

  • Birth rate: high

  • Death rate: high

  • Population change: stable or slowly inceasing

• Stage 2 (Sub-saharan countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan)

  • Birth rate: high

  • Death rate: falling rapidly

  • Population change: rapidly inceasing

  • large base

• Stage 3 (India, Mexico)

  • Birth rate: falling

  • Death rate: falling slowly

  • Population change: increase slows down

  • More people in reproductive years

• Stage 4 (China, South Korea, Australia)

  • Birth rate: low

  • Death rate: low

  • Population change: falling and then stable

  • Higher top

• Stage 5 (Japan, Germany, Russia)

  • Birth rate: very low

  • Death rate: low

  • Population change: little change

Epidimeal Transition Model (ETM)

• Stage 1: Pestilence, famine, & death

  • People can die by almost everything

    • Possible Killers

      • Animal attacks

      • Epidemics

      • Famine

      • accidents

• Stage 2: Receding pandemics & less death

  • Society sees a decrease in the amount of major diseases

  • Improves sanitation, nutritious food, & new technologies

• Stage 3: Degenerative diseases

  • People start to live longer & start to die from diseases that are human created

  • Continues to see less infectious disease deaths

  • Increase death due to:

    • Cancer

    • Heart disease

    • Strokes

• Stage 4: fighting degenerative diseases

  • medical advancements delay degenerative diseases

  • Individuals start to change behaviors

    • eat healthy, exercise more

• Stage 5: reemergence of infectious diseases

  • parasitic and infectious diseases become more prevalent again

  • Possible causes:

    • Evolution of diseases

    • Increased poverty and urbanization

    • Globalization

Mathusian Theory

• Mathusian Catastrophe

Government policies

• pro-natalist: government policies that seek to promote births in society.

• anti-natalist: government policies that seek to decrease births in society.

  • One-child policy

• Immigration Quotas: a limit set by a government on the matter on the no. of immigrants allowed to enter a country.

Women’s roles in society

• as women get more opportunities population growth rate decreases, increased education will decrease IMR, as people live longer, they have less kids

• Higher education pushes back the average time of having children, but allows women to participate in various aspects of workforce.

Ravenstein’s law of migration (focus more on concepts of his law)

• Women migrate more than men but men travel longer

Pull Factors: positive situation to come or go to an area

Push Factors: negative situations that motivate people to leave an area

Emmigration: when an individual leaves a country

Immigration: when an individual enters a country

Migration: the process of an individual or group moving from one place to another

• Intervening obstacles: negative situations that stops a migrant

• Intervening obstacles: positive situations that stops a migrants.

• Inter-regional migration: from one region of a country to another.

• Intra-regional migration: occurs between one region.

  Forced Migration: human trafficking, forces child labor, child soldiers, slavery

  • Refugee: forced to cross an international boundary to escape war or natural disaster.

  • Asylum-seeker: seeking international protection

  • Internally Displaced Person (IDP): did not cross an international boundary.

    Voluntary Migration

  • Transnational: migrant emmigrating from home country.

  • Transhumance: cyclical migration around the seasonal movement of livestock.

  • Chain migration: a legal immigrant sponsors a family member to immigrate to the country.

  • Step migration: happens in stages (migrants will stop on their way to the final destination)

  • Guest workers: individuals that are given a temporary legal status in a country to work

  • Rural-urban migration: from rural to urban areas

Effects of Migration

• political, economic, social, environmental

• ex: enough jobs, enough schools, food, culture resistance??