- 100 per cent bar chart: Similar to a stacked bar chart, each bar in a 100 percent bar chart represents subcategories of a variable totaling 100 percent, with each portion of the bar reflecting its proportion out of 100.

- Accidental sampling: In contrast to quota sampling, accidental sampling involves selecting participants based on convenience without targeting specific characteristics. Data collection stops once the desired number of respondents is reached.

- Action research: A methodology aligned with participatory and collaborative research, action research engages community members in planning, executing, and evaluating research initiatives to address community issues through a cyclical process.

- Active variable: Variables that can be modified, controlled, or influenced by researchers or others in studies aiming to establish causality or associations are termed active variables.

- After-only design: In this design, researchers study the impact of an intervention on a population where baseline information is typically 'constructed' from respondents' recall or existing records after the intervention has occurred.
- Alternative hypothesis: A scientific convention specifying the relationship considered true if the research hypothesis is disproven, serving as the opposite of the research hypothesis [T6].

- Ambiguous question: A question with multiple interpretations leading to varied responses among respondents [T6].

- Applied research: Utilizing research methodologies to gather information on various aspects for practical purposes like policy formulation, program development, and enhancing understanding in social sciences [T6].

- Area chart: A graphical representation for variables on interval or ratio scales, displaying subcategories' magnitudes relative to each other through shaded areas under lines [T6].

- Attitudinal scales: Tools measuring attitudes towards issues, including summated rating scales (Likert scale), equal-appearing interval scales (Thurstone scale), and cumulative scales (Guttman scale) [T6].

- Attitudinal score: Numerical representation of a respondent's attitudinal response, calculated based on the assigned values in different attitude scales [T6].

- Attitudinal value: The weight given to a statement in an attitudinal scale reflecting its significance in portraying attitudes, with greater importance assigned to statements with higher attitudinal values [T3].

- Attribute variables: Characteristics of the study population like age, gender, education, and income that cannot be manipulated [T3].

- Bar chart: A graphical method for displaying categorical data, similar to a histogram but with spaced rectangles indicating categorical data [T3].

- Before-and-after design: A research design comparing data collected before and after an intervention to assess changes in a phenomenon or variable over time [T3].

- Bias: Deliberate actions to conceal, highlight, or manipulate research findings due to vested interests or inappropriate methods [T3].

- Blind studies: Research where participants are unaware of receiving real or fake treatments to isolate the placebo effect, commonly used in comparative studies [T3].

- Case study: In-depth exploration of a single or few selected cases to gain insights into broader phenomena, assuming the case represents a typical scenario of a certain type [T3].

- Coding: The process of assigning numerical values to different categories of responses for analysis purposes [T6].

- Cohort studies: Research based on a common characteristic within a subgroup of a population, studying individuals with shared traits over time to observe trends [T6].

- Collaborative enquiry: Also known as participatory research, emphasizes close collaboration between researchers and participants [T6].

- Column percentages: Calculated from the total of subcategories of one variable displayed in a column across different rows [T6].

- Community discussion forum: A qualitative strategy to gather community opinions, attitudes, and ideas on local issues, fostering community participation in decision-making [T6].

- Comparative study design: Used to compare the effectiveness of different treatment modalities, involving experimental or non-experimental approaches to assess changes in dependent variables [T6].

- Concept: Abstract terms used in research that require conversion into indicators and variables for measurement, as their understanding may vary among individuals [T6].

- Conceptual framework: Derives from the theoretical framework, focusing on specific aspects selected for a study, serving as the basis for research inquiries [T6].

- Concurrent validity: Evaluating a research instrument by comparing it with established criteria or findings, assessing its consistency with accepted measures [T6].

- Conditioning effect: Occurs when repeated contact with respondents leads to altered responses due to familiarity or disinterest, impacting answer quality [T6].

- Confirmability: The extent to which qualitative research results can be confirmed by others, akin to reliability in quantitative research [T6].

- Constant variable: A variable with a single category or value, such as taxi, tree, or water [T6].

- Construct validity: A method for validating instruments based on statistical procedures, determining each construct's contribution to observed variance in a phenomenon [T6].

- Consumer-oriented evaluation: Evaluation approach focusing on assessing interventions from the consumer's perspective, emphasizing effectiveness, outcomes, impact, and relevance judged by consumers [T6].

- Content analysis: Analyzing qualitative data by identifying main themes from interviews or observational notes [T6].

- Content validity: Ensuring research questions cover all intended areas of study, establishing the extent of coverage in a research instrument [T6].

- Continuous variables: Variables with continuous measurement units like age, income, and attitude score, capable of taking any value on the scale [T6].

- Control design: Study design isolating the impact of extraneous variables by comparing a control group not exposed to intervention [T6].

- Control group: Group in an experimental study not receiving intervention, used to measure the impact of extraneous and chance variables on the dependent variable [T6].

- Control of variance: Designing a study to maximize the independent variable's impact on the dependent variable while minimizing the effects of extraneous variables [T6].

- Controlled experiments: Study design dividing the population into experimental and control groups, with the control group not receiving any intervention [T6].

- Convenience sampling: Non-probability sampling based on researcher convenience in selecting potential respondents [T6].

- Cumulative frequency polygon: Graphical representation based on cumulative frequencies, differs from a frequency polygon by connecting interval endpoints [T6].

- Dependability: Similar to reliability in quantitative research, focuses on obtaining consistent results upon repeated observations [T6].

- Dependent variable: Variable in a study assumed to change due to the independent variable, which is considered the cause of the change [T6].

- Descriptive studies: Focus on describing a situation, problem, or phenomenon rather than exploring relationships or associations [T6].

- Dichotomous variable: Variable with only two categories like male/female, yes/no, or good/bad [T6].

- Disproportionate stratified sampling: Selecting an equal number of elements from each stratum without considering their size in the study population [T6].

- Dominant/less dominant studies: Mixed methods study where one methodology dominates the research [T6].

- Double-barrelled question: A question that contains two separate inquiries [T6].

- Double-blind studies: Research design where neither the researcher nor participants know who receives real interventions, placebos, or controls to eliminate bias [T6].

- Editing: Reviewing research instruments to correct errors and ensure completeness [T6].

- Elevation effect: Bias where observers tend to use specific parts of a scale consistently [T6].

- Equivalent status studies: Research using mixed methods where both approaches are equally important [T6].

- Error of central tendency: Bias in assessments where observers avoid extreme positions on a scale [T6].

- Ethics: Moral values guiding professional behavior [T6].

- Ethical practice: Conducting professional activities in line with accepted codes of behavior [T6].

- Evaluation: Review process based on research principles to assess interventions or programs [T6].

- Evaluation for planning: Assessing the need for a program or intervention [T6].

- Evidence-based practice: Service delivery based on research evidence, clinical judgment, and client preferences [T6].

- Experimental group: Group exposed to the intervention being studied [T6].

- Experimental studies: Research where an intervention is introduced to observe its effects [T6].

- Expert Sampling: Selecting individuals with expertise in a specific area for data collection [T7].

- Explanatory Research: Focuses on clarifying the relationship between different aspects of a situation or phenomenon [T7].

- Exploratory Research: Conducted to explore unknown areas or assess the feasibility of a research study [T7].

- Extraneous Variables: Additional factors beyond the independent and dependent variables that can influence their relationship [T7].

- Face Validity: Justifying the inclusion of a question in a research instrument based on its relevance to the study objectives [T7].

- Feasibility Study: Investigating the potential for conducting a larger-scale study and refining research methods [T7].

- Feminist Research: Research guided by feminist principles, focusing on women's perspectives and addressing gender inequalities [T7].

- Fishbowl Draw: Method of random sampling where elements are written on slips of paper, shuffled, and selected from a bowl [T7].

- Focus Group: Qualitative research strategy involving group discussions to explore attitudes and perspectives on a topic [T7].

- Frame of Analysis: Plan outlining how data will be analyzed to interpret major concepts and apply statistical methods [T7].

- Frequency Distribution: Statistical method categorizing respondents based on variable measurement scales [T7].

- Frequency Polygon: Graphical representation similar to a histogram, showing frequencies of intervals [T7].

- Graphs: Visual tools for presenting and communicating analyzed data effectively [T7].

- Group Interview: Data collection method and qualitative study design involving interactions with a group collectively [T7].

- Guttman Scale: Attitudinal scale where statements are arranged in cumulative order to reflect attitudes [T7].

- Halo Effect: Bias where observers' assessment of an individual on one aspect influences their rating on another [T6].

- Hawthorne Effect: Change in behavior when individuals know they are being observed, impacting productivity [T6].

- Histogram: Graphic representation of data using adjacent rectangles to show frequency of categories [T6].

- Holistic Research: Philosophy emphasizing the need to understand phenomena from multiple perspectives [T6].

- Hypothesis: Assumption or idea about a phenomenon that forms the basis of a research study [T6].

- Hypothesis of Association: Formulation based on knowledge to predict the extent of the relationship between variables [T5].

- Hypothesis of Difference: States there will be a difference without specifying the magnitude [T6].

- Hypothesis of Point-Prevalence: Predicts the exact prevalence of a phenomenon based on prior knowledge [T6].

- Independent Variable: Variable that causes changes in a phenomenon in a study of causality [T6].

- In-depth Interviewing: Method providing freedom in content and structure, allowing flexibility in question formulation [T6].

- Indicators: Measures used to reflect concepts that are not directly measurable [T6].

- Informed Consent: Ensures respondents are fully informed about the study and participate voluntarily [T5].

- Interrupted Time-Series Design: Study design involving data collection before and after an intervention at multiple time points [T5].

- Interval Scale: Measurement scale with equally spaced intervals but no fixed zero point [T5].

- Intervening Variables: Variables that affect the relationship between an independent and dependent variable [T5].

- Intervention-Development-Evaluation Process: Cyclical process of assessing needs, implementing interventions, and evaluating outcomes [T5].

- Interview Guide: List of topics for in-depth interviews, not necessarily questions [T5].

- Interview Schedule: A list of questions for data collection, used in person-to-person interactions [T5].

- Interviewing: Method involving asking questions and recording responses in person-to-person interactions [T6].

- Judgemental Sampling: Sampling design based on researcher judgment to select participants likely to provide relevant information [T6].

- Leading Question: Question designed to influence respondents to answer in a specific way [T6].

- Likert Scale: Attitudinal scale assuming equal importance for each item to measure attitudes [T6].

- Literature Review: Process of reviewing existing literature to develop theoretical frameworks and improve methodology [T6].

- Longitudinal Study: Study where data is collected from the same participants at multiple time points over a long period [T6].

- Matching: Technique to form comparable groups by pairing individuals with similar attributes [T1].

- Maturation Effect: Changes in study population due to aging, particularly relevant in studies involving young children [T1].

- Maxmincon Principle of Variance: Design principle to maximize the impact of independent variables while minimizing effects of extraneous variables [T1].

- Measurement Scales: Systems for classifying objects, responses, and attributes into categories, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales [T1].

- Mixed/Multiple Methods Approach: Combining qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection and analysis in social research [T1].

- Narratives: Gathering personal experiences without predetermined content, focusing on individual stories [T6].

- Nominal Scale: Classifying based on shared characteristics without ranking, used in social sciences [T6].

- Non-Experimental Studies: Investigating causation without manipulating variables, starting with observed outcomes [T6].

- Non-Participant Observation: Passive observation without direct involvement in group activities [T6].

- Non-Probability Sampling Designs: Selection based on considerations other than probability theory, common in research [T6].

- Null Hypothesis: Stating no difference between situations, groups, or outcomes, typically denoted as Ho [T6].

- Objective-Oriented Evaluation: Assessing if a program meets its objectives or goals [T6].

- Observation: Systematic watching and listening to interactions or phenomena for data collection [T6].

- Observer's Bias: Misreporting observations due to personal interests, considered unethical [T6].

- Open-Ended Questions: Questions without predefined responses, allowing free-form answers [T6].

- Operational Definition: Defining concepts in measurable terms for study purposes [T6].

- Online Survey: Common method for data collection and analysis using online platforms [T6].

- Oral History: Method for studying historical events or cultural information through personal accounts [T6].

- Ordinal Scale: Ranking subgroups based on a common characteristic, adding order to nominal scale [T6].

- Outcome Evaluation: Assessing effects, impacts, and changes produced by a program in the target population [T6].

- Panel Studies: Collecting data from the same respondents over time [T6].

- Participant Observation: Researcher actively involved in group activities for data collection [T6].

- Participatory Research: Involving research participants in the research process for relevance [T6].

- Pie Chart: Graphical representation dividing a circle into sections based on data proportions [T6].

- Placebo Effect: Psychological recovery due to belief in receiving treatment [T6].

- Plagiarism: Unethical use of someone else's work as your own [T6].

- Polytomous Variable: Variable with more than two categories [T6].

- Population Mean: Estimate of characteristics for the total study population from sample statistics [T5].

- Predictive Validity: Degree to which an instrument can forecast outcomes correctly [T5].

- Pre-Test: Testing research instruments or code books before actual use to identify issues [T5].

- Primary Data: Information collected specifically for a study [T5].

- Primary Sources: Sources providing primary data like interviews and observations [T5].

- Probability Sampling: Selecting a sample based on equal and independent chances for each element [T5].

- Process Evaluation: Assessing service or program delivery for efficiency improvement [T5].

- Programme Planning Evaluation: Assessing the nature and extent of a problem before implementing a program [T3].

- Proportionate Stratified Sampling: Selecting sample elements based on proportional representation from each stratum [T3].

- Prospective Studies: Investigating future prevalence or outcomes of a phenomenon [T3].

- Pure Research: Focuses on developing, verifying, and refining research methods and tools [T3].

- Purposive Sampling: Selecting participants based on judgment for specific information [T1].

- Qualitative Research: Emphasizes exploration, description, and narrative without heavy generalizations [T3].

- Quantitative Research: Emphasizes measurement, objectivity, and generalizable conclusions [T3].

- Quasi-Experimental Studies: Combine attributes of experimental and non-experimental studies [T3].

- Questionnaire: Written list of questions for respondents to answer, different from an interview schedule [T3].

- Quota Sampling: Selecting participants based on visible characteristics of interest [T3].

- Random Design: Assigning study groups and treatments randomly without pre-determination [T3].

- Random Sampling: Each element in the population has an equal chance of selection independently [T3].

- Research Instrument: Any tool used to collect information for a study, such as interview schedules, questionnaires, field notes, and diaries [T7].

- Research Design: A procedural plan adopted by a researcher to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately, and economically [T7].

- Research: A method of finding answers to professional and practice questions using tested procedures and unbiased exploration [T7].

- Replicated Cross-Sectional Design: Evaluating the impact of an intervention by comparing clients at different stages of a program [T7].

- Reliability: The ability of a research instrument to provide consistent results under similar conditions, indicating accuracy and stability [T7].

- Regression Effect: Shift in respondent attitudes towards the mean between pre-test and post-test stages due to self-reflection [T7].

- Reflective Journal Log: Method of data collection in qualitative research involving recording thoughts and observations for research findings [T7].

- Recall Error: Error in responses due to a respondent's inability to recall aspects correctly [T7].

- Reactive Effect: Influence of question wording on respondents, informing them about the study's focus [T7].

- Ratio Scale: Scale with properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales, with a fixed zero point allowing arithmetic operations [T7].

- Randomisation: Process ensuring equal and independent chance for individuals to be in different study groups for comparability [T7].

- Random Variable: Unsystematic shifts in respondent responses due to factors like mood or question wording [T7].

- Research Journey: The process of seeking answers to research questions.

- Research Objectives: Clear goals set for achievement by the end of the research journey.

- Research Participants: Individuals involved in a research study as respondents or subjects.

- Research Problem: The core issue or question that drives the research inquiry.

- Research Proposal: Detailed plan outlining how research questions will be answered, including tasks to achieve objectives.

- Research Questions: Queries aimed at obtaining answers through research, forming the basis for research objectives.

- Retrospective Study: Investigates past phenomena based on available data or respondent recall.

- Retrospective-Prospective Study: Examines past trends and future impacts, often without a control group.

- Row Percentages: Calculated from subcategories of a variable displayed in columns along a row.

- Sample: Subset of the population representing the study population, used to save time and resources.

- Sample Size: Number of individuals (denoted as 'n') from whom required information is obtained.

- Sample Statistics: Findings derived from information collected from the sample.

- Sampling: Process of selecting a sample from a larger group for estimating information prevalence.

- Sampling Design: Method of selecting sampling units from a population to form a sample, with various strategies in research.

- Scale: A method of measuring and classifying respondents based on their responses to study questions, which can be continuous or categorical, aiding in subgroup classification.

- Scattergram: A graphical representation showing how one variable changes concerning another, effective when both variables are measured on interval or ratio scales with absolute values for each observation.

- Secondary Data: Information already available in sources like journals, reports, or censuses, extracted for specific study purposes.

- Secondary Sources: Sources providing secondary data, including books, journals, previous research studies, agency records, and routine service delivery records.

- Sensitive Information: Personal or private data that respondents consider confidential, such as drug use, income, criminal history, requiring tactful handling to avoid upsetting or embarrassing respondents.

- Simple Random Sampling: Common method for selecting a random sample, ensuring each element in the sampling population has an equal and independent chance of selection through a random selection process.

- Snowball Sampling: Sampling method using networks where initial individuals are selected, who then identify others for data collection, forming a chain of referrals to expand the sample.

- Stacked Bar Chart: Shows multiple variables stacked vertically in each bar, representing proportions of categorical data.

- Stakeholders in Research: Individuals or groups affected by research activities, including research participants, researchers, and funding bodies.

- Stem-and-Leaf Display: Quick method for displaying frequency distribution, with tens on the left and units on the right.

- Stratified Random Sampling: Divides study population into homogeneous subgroups based on a characteristic, selecting samples proportionally from each subgroup.

- Structured Interviews: Questions, wording, and sequence predetermined, allowing no deviation during the interview process.

- Stub: Part of a table structure listing subcategories of a variable on the left column.

- Study Design: Describes the type of design adopted for a study, such as experimental, correlational, descriptive, or before-and-after.

- Study Population: Group of individuals under study denoted by N, from which the sample (n) is selected for research purposes.

- Subject Area: Academic or practical field where the study is conducted, like health, community needs, attitudes, or occupational mobility.

- Subjectivity: Inherent interpretation influenced by educational background, experience, and skills, distinct from deliberate bias.

- Summary of Literature: Description of key findings from relevant literature sources, summarizing their relevance to the study.

- Systematic Sampling: Selection method dividing the sampling frame into intervals and selecting elements based on the order of selection in the first interval.

- Table of Random Numbers: Contains randomly generated numbers for selecting samples in research.

- Tables: Useful for presenting analyzed data concisely, providing clarity and serving as quick references for one or more variables.

- Thematic Writing: Writing style focused on main themes for clarity and understanding.

- Theoretical Framework: Organizes theories and themes relevant to the research problem, highlighting agreements and disagreements among authors.

- Theory of Causality: States that change results from a combination of cause (independent), extraneous, and change variables in studying cause and effect.

- Thurstone Scale: Measures attitudes using statements with assigned attitudinal values, where respondent agreement determines the score.

- Transferability: Degree to which qualitative research results can be applied to different contexts or settings.

- Trend Curve: Graphical representation of data on an interval or ratio scale, showing trends over time through dots connected by lines.

- Trend Studies: Analyze past, present, and future data points to identify and predict trends in a phenomenon.

- Triangulation: Uses data from multiple sources and approaches to enhance study objectives and understanding of a problem.

- Type I Error: Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis, leading to an erroneous conclusion in hypothesis testing.

- Type II Error: Occurs when a false null hypothesis is accepted incorrectly in hypothesis testing.

- Unethical: Any behavior not aligned with professional codes of conduct is considered unethical.

- Unstructured Interviews: Interviews where the interviewer has flexibility in question content, wording, and sequence.

- Validity: Refers to the appropriateness of research steps and the ability of an instrument to measure what it is designed for.

- Variable: A concept that can be measured and take on different values, serving as a unit of measurement with designated values.