flash cards from bio study guide

Chapter 1:
The scientific method

Observe and generalize

Make a hypothesis

Create a testable prediction

Experiment 

Collect data

Change hypothesis if needed and repeat experiment

Share results 

Examples of each step

Observe and generalize: Looking at an oreo cookie and creating observations like it has grooves on it and an oreo logo

Make a hypothesis: The cookie will get softer in milk

Create a testable prediction: The cookie will get soft after 5 seconds of being submerged in milk

Experiment: put the cookie in milk and time how long it takes to soften

Collect data: take all the data from the cookies we tested and make a chart showing it etc

Change hypothesis if needed: the cookie will be soft after 20 seconds and test again

Share results: Put out the data to other scientists and the world

Definitions:

Hypothesis: a statement and explanation for a group of observations

Scientific theory: comprehensive explanation supported by an

abundance of evidence

Ex: The cell theory and Darwin's theory of evolution via natural selection

All the living factors with living organisms:

• Living things are composed of one or more cells

• Reproduce autonomously using DNA

• Obtain energy from the environment for cellular work

• Sense and respond to the environment

• Maintain a separate and fairly consistent internal environment (homeostasis)

• Evolve, adapt, and change in response to the environment

Definitions:

Chemistry: the study of matter

Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space

Composed of elements 

Elements: can not be broken down any further into a simpler form

Periodic table of elements, lists all known elements

Types of Energy:

Potential- stored energy

Kinetic- moving energy 

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Protons: positive

Electrons- negative

Neutrons: neutral 

Types of bonds: 

Hydrogen bonds: the weakest, form between 2 water molecules

Covalent: Strongest bond, sharing of electrons between atoms results in each atom having a maximally filled outermost shell of electrons. Bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a molecule of water

Ionic bond: medium strength: the bond between two oppositely charged ions (atoms or molecules that were formed by the permanent transfer of one or more electrons) Nacl 

Na is positive Cl is negative

Water! 

Water molecules are polar

Water is a liquid at body temperature

Water can absorb and hold heat energy

Water is the biological solvent

Water helps regulate body temperature

Definitions:

Solvent: the thing that dissolves the additive in

For example, water is a solvent

Solute: thing that gets dissolved

For example salt

Hydrophilic: loves water

Hydrophobic: repels water, does not like it

Ph scale:

0-6- more alkaline

7- neutral pH

8-14- Acidic

Buffers: minimize pH change

Help maintain stable pH in body fluids

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate act as one of the body's most important buffer pairs

Chapter two:

• Atoms- the smallest unit of an element that retains the element's distinctive properties

• Elements: a pure substance that has distinct physical and chemical properties, and that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods

• Organic molecules: molecules that include at least one carbon atom

• A chemical reaction: the process of breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new ones 

Carbon is important to this earth because:

• It comprises 18% of the human body by weight

• Forms four covalent bonds

• Can form single or double bonds

• Can build micro or macro molecules

Dehydration synthesis: 

• Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units

• Requires energy

• Build macromolecules from small subunits

Hydrolysis:

• Adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules

• Releases energy

• Dehydration synthesis is the reverse of hydrolysis

Macromolecues 

• Carbohydrates are formed from sugars, monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose) 

• Carbohydrates can also form Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides bonded together (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

• Polysaccharides are thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches (statch, glycogen and cellulose).

• Lipids and macromolecules that are hydrophobic (triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids)

• Triglycerides contain a glycerol and three fatty acid chains, and are classified as saturated and unsaturated fats 

• Phospholipids contain a glycerol, phosphate, and two fatty acid chains, they are a main component of plasma membranes. The head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic

• Steroids are macromolecules that contain four carbon rings (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)

• Proteins are some of the largest macromolecules and are composed of amino acids that are peptide-bonded together 

• There are 20 known amino acids, with 8 of them not manufactured solely on its own in the human body

• Proteins are three-dimensional structures that play a role in the function of the molecule. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

• Enzymes are a specific class of protein that catalyze chemical reactions and speed them up- Without enzymes, life would not be possible due to the slow speed of reactions

• Nucleic acids store genetic information and include DNA and RNA

• DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid and contains deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and bases (ATCG) 

• The shape of DNA is a double-stranded helix

• DNAs are the instructions for making RNAs, and RNAs are the instructions for making proteins

• Another nucleic acid is ATP, which is the energy source for cellular life. Phosphate bonds are broken from ATP to release energy used for cellular work and this forms the inactive ADP

Chapter 3: The Cell

• Nucleus- Contains DNA. The command center for the cell

• Smooth ER- helps synthesize and concentrate various substances needed by the cell. Smooth er connects to the rough er

• Rough ER- coated with ribosomes, a part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that synthesizes and folds proteins.

• Cytoskeleton, the structure of a cell, since there is no cell wall

• Mitochondria-a  powerhouse of the cell, produces energy for the cells

• Golgi apparatus- the packing organell, sends and recierves proteins and lipids

• Plasma membrane- semipermeable on the outside of the cell. Is like the bouncer and it lets some things in and out

• Ribosomes- makes proteins 

• Lysosomes- contains digestive enzymes, they break down damaged parts, it is kinda like a big trashcan

• Centriole- a barrel-shaped organelle that helps organize microtubules in animal cells. Help with cell divison

• Flagellum- tail like thing that helps cells move, sperm cells