Classical Viewpoint

Scientific Management: Frederick Taylor

• Problem- poor productivity of individual workers (loafing, no incentives/training)

  • Improve productivity of individual workers through scientific methods

    • Principles of scientific management

  • 4 Principles of Scientific Management

1. Evaluate a task by scientifically studying each part of the task

2. Carefully select workers with the right abilities

3. Give workers the training and incentives to do the task with the proper methods (incentive pay)

4. Use scientific methods to divide the work between management and workers, freeing up workers to focus on their jobs and managers to plan, prepare, and inspect (division of labor)

   • Reduced shirking by incentivizing workers

   • 17 basic motions (therblig’s): Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

     • System for analyzing the motions involved in performing a task (visual study, later motion picture)

     • Eliminated wasteful motions and reduced fatigue

Administrative Management: Henri Fayol

• Focus moved from individual jobs to how organizations should be structured

  • Identified four main functions of organizations

    • Planning, coordinating, controlling, and organizing

Administrative Management (Beurocracy): Max Weber

• System to achieve orderly, rational, and efficient organization through rules

  • A well-defined hierarchy of authority

  • Formal rules and procedures (routines)

  • Careers based on merit (employment/promotion based on technical competence)

  • No favoritism (impersonality)

  • Positives

    • Sharply increased employee productivity, pay, and satisfaction

      • Fit well with mostly industrial (factory) work

    • Many areas have built on this: HR, teams, organizational change, motivation, and leadership

    • Henry Ford

      • Created an environment where employees were able to buy the products too

  • Negatives

    • Too mechanic

      • Treated people like cogs

      • Productivity can be further increased by paying more attention to those needs

Ways to Increase Employee Performance

Behavioral Viewpoint

• Emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and motivating employees toward achievement

  • Early Behaviorism– Hawthorne Studies

    • Needed new way to increase productivity

    • Experimented with better lighting and working conditions (rest periods, pay, hours worked)

  • Human Relations Movement– Maslow’s

    • Needs (psychological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization) are important

    • Satisfied needs lead to job satisfaction