motivation

  1. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? 

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal rewards like autonomy and extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards like money.

  1. Explain the drive reduction theory of motivation? 

The idea that need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

  • The greater need, the stronger the drive

  1. Describe the Yerkes Dodson law and how it affects motivation and performance? 

Increased arousal can help improve performance but when arousal becomes excessive and performance diminsishes.

  1. What is the overjustification effect and how does it relate to motivation? 

An phenomenon by being rewarded for doing something that diminishes intrinsic motivation (internal) to perform that action

  1. What is an approach approach conflict within motivation? 

Conflict within a person where they need to decide between 2 appealing goals (vacation decision)

Emotion 

  1. What is the display rule and how does it relate to group norms and emotions? 

Culturally learned norms that dictate how individuals should manage and express their emotions in social situations. Wearing a mask in public when you are sad in the inside

  1. Explain the Broaden and Build Theory of Emotion?

Positive emotions broaden an individual momentary mindset, promoting curiosity and creativity. 

  1. What is the James Lange theory of emotion? 

Emotions suggest physical changes happen before the associated emotions.

  1. How does experience guide our understanding of emotions? 

Provides a mental database that helps interpret, label, and predict emotional reactions based on our experiences of life.

Personality 

  1. Explain the relationship between the id ego and super ego and how each relates to personality? 

Ego balances the id’s immediate gratification (unconscious)with the superego moral constraints (conscience), with personality emerging from how successfully the ego navigates these conflicting demands.

  1. Why and how do the Neo-Freudians disagree with the teachings of Freud? 

Neos accepted unconscious and early childhood influence but disagreed with focus on spirituality, instinctual drives, and pessimistic view of human nature.

  1. Explain why people have defense mechanisms and what is an example of one? 

Unconscious strategies used to shield the ego from anxiety, stress, and uncomfortable emotions. (Rationalization)

  1. Who is Carl Rodgers and what is the theory of Self?

Psychologist. The self is an organized set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves

  1. Why is unconditional positive regard so important to personality according to humanistic psychologists? 

It provides acceptance necessary for an individual to develop health self concept and pursue self actualization

  1. What is the difference between the Behavioralists model in environment and the cognitive model and environment? 

A behaviorist model is a source of direct, objective, and consequences (rewards/punishments) that shape observable action, ignoring mental states. The cognitive model views the environment as info processed by the mind, focusing on how individuals interpret based schemas and memory

  1. What are the Big Five personality factors and describe each one. 

Openness

  1. Imaginative/Practical

  2. Interested in variety/routine

  3. Independent/conforming

Conscientiousness

  1. Organized/Disorganized

  2. Careful/careless

  3. Discipline/impulsive

Extraversion

  1. sociable/retiring

  2. Funloving/somber

  3. Affectionate/reserved

Agreeableness

  1. Softhearted/ruthless

  2. Trusting/sus

  3. Helpful/uncooperative

Neuroticism

  1. Calm/Anxious

  2. Secure/insecure

  3. Self-satisfied/self-pity