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European Hegemony and Conflict

==Haitian Revolution (1791-1803)==

  • 1791 - slave rebellions broke out
    • Plantations were destroyed, and white owners killed
  • Toissant L’ouverte was appointed governor of the colony but was captured by Napolean
  • black people continued fighting and gained independence in 1803
  • launched the island into civil war
  • inspired slave uprisings in America
  • inspired independence movements in Latin America
  • international powers refused to trade with Haiti after the revolt which crippled their economy

==Columbian Exchange==

  • An exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between America and the rest of the world
  • Old World Diseases: smallpox, influenza, malaria
  • Old World Plants: wheat, rice sugar
  • Old World Animals: cattle, horses, sheep
  • Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
  • New World Diseases: hepatitis, polio, syphilis
  • New World Plants: corn, cocoa, tobacco
  • New World Animals: turkey, llama, guinea pigs
  • New World: Americas
  • New world crops led to the greatest population increase in history

==European Empire==

  • European powers wanted more of the wealth uncovered by earlier merchant nations like Britain, France, and Spain

  • Africa had been largely left alone and unexplored

  • European powers scrambled to get a piece of the riches in raw materials

    Xhosa Wars:

    • 9 wars between Europeans and Xhosa tribes
    • Both Dutch and British settlers fought against Xhosa and expelled them from their lands
    • This led to ongoing strife between Boers (dutch farmers) and Xhosa

    Anglo-Zulan War:

    • Britain wanted diamonds and the labor of the Zulu
    • British governor presented an ultimatum to the Zulu: disband the army and abandon the culture
    • Zulu won a major battle

European Hegemony:

  • historically, European hegemony refers to the attempts to exert high levels of influence and rule to the far reaches of the world in the 19th and 20th centuries

==Opium Wars: 1839-42 and 1856-60==

  • Western countries vs. Qing Dynasty of China

  • Foreign powers had been illegally importing opium from India to China

  • Opium addiction was causing huge problems

  • Opium - addictive drug, like heroin

  • Chinese authorities seized a large shipment of opium and it started a war

    Second Opium War:

    • France joined Britain
    • Treaties of Tianjin
    • China opened more forts to foreigners and allowed more Christian foreigners
    • legalized importations of opium

==Treaty of Nanking==

  • China ceded Hong Kong to the British
  • had to pay reparations
  • allowed British trade at more ports
  • ultimately weakened Qing Dynasty and paved the way for the republic in the early 20th century