Israel Exam
1880s - Origins of Zionism
1881: Hibbat Zionism emerges as a zionist movement in response to severe anti-Jewish pogroms and rising anti semitism in the Russian Empire
Tzar Alexander was assassinated and his son blamed the Jews in Russia (scapegoat)
2.5 million Jews left Eastern Europe, 60,000 to Palestine
1894: The French Captain Dreyfus is wrongfully convicted of treason, largely due to anti-semitism
1896: Theodore Herzl came up with zionism as an organized movement when in reaction to the Dreyfus Trial; he publishes Der Judenstaat
1897: First Zionist Congress meets
1881 land of Palestine/Israel is is ruled by the Ottoman Empire
Total Population: 475,000
40,000 Christians
20,000 Jews
415,000 Muslims
Key Terms and Ideas that developed:
Post French Rev. - Jews are given limited rights while others were exiled
Nationalism - Its emergence in Europe led to many countries exiling Jews
Cultural zionism - Rejection of assimilation and revival of Jewish Culture
Significance - It emerged in reaction to anti-semitism and was a key part of why Jews did not assimilate into Europe; Religion, culture, and ethnicity became intertwined
9/8 Late Ottoman Palestine 1881-WW1
1881: Old Yishuv (pre-zionist community of Jews living in Palestine
Descended from Sephardi Jews (descended from jews expelled from Spain)
Were integrated into Ottoman culture and were loyal to Ottomans
Ashkenazi Jews (from Europe) would mainly only go to Palestine for religious reasons
1882-1904: First Wave of Jewish Settlers; New Yishuv (post-zionist Jewish settlers) begin settling in Palestine b/c of zionism
These settlers often bought land from wealthy landowners and in turn arabs lost the land they lived on (Arabs typically worked on land owned by landowners)
This was approved by the Ottoman government
Jews did often hire Arabs
1904-1914: Second Wave of Jewish Settlers; Still part of the New Yishuv but came because of Jewish connection to the land
They arrived for economic reasons (like Theodore Herzl’s ideas)
Wanted the economy to rely solely on Jews, so less Arabs were hired and many removed
Palestinian opposition begins with appeals to Ottoman government and news publications warn of threat; Attacks begin on Jewish settlers
1914: WW1 erupts and the Ottoman Empire joins the central powers
1917: Fall of the Ottoman Empire—> British Government publishes the Balfour Declaration at the end of WW1
Balfour Declaration - 1917 document issued by British Government which favors zionism
They did this out of strategic imperialism and were on the verge of conquering Palestine; They also did not want the Russians to leave the war and would get support from Russian Jews
1917-1922 British Plan for Israel + Palestine