France Quickly

John Calvin's Influence

• Led to religious wars in Europe that significantly affected governance and society.

• These wars played a crucial role in shaping political landscapes.

Edict of Nantes

• Issued to establish religious tolerance in France.

• Was later revoked by King Louis XIV, leading to greater absolutism.

Absolutism under Louis XIV

• Established himself as the central authority in France.

• Stripped nobles of their political power.

• Result: Created centralized power, leading to unrest and reaction.

The Enlightenment

• Philosophers argued for revolution, natural rights, and equality.

• Resulted in philosophical foundations for the French Revolution.

French Revolution Dynamics

• Characterized by chaotic events and violence:

• The Tennis Court Oath

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Dormac)

• Rise of the Jacobins and Robespierre's Reign of Terror

• Violence seen as a necessary evil for achieving Enlightenment ideals.

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Mixed elements of the Revolution and absolutism.

• Served as a transitional figure reflecting both ideologies.

• His rule embodied contradictions of authority and revolution.

Industrial Revolution Connection

• Technological advancements, like steam engines, spurred economic change.

• Merged with ideologies born from the French Revolution to create new political thoughts.

Emergence of New Ideologies (1800s)

• New philosophies developed:

• Conservatives: Favor strong monarchy and traditional structures.

• Liberals: Advocate for limited monarchy and economic freedoms for the middle class.

• Socialists: Seek rights and power for workers, distinct from peasants.

• All ideologies vigorously debated in France, shaping its chaotic political landscape.

1848 Revolution in France

• Marked by ideological splits.

• Demonstrated failure of factions to unite effectively.

Nationalism

• Originated as a reaction to revolutionary chaos.

• Caused further divisions and conflicts within Europe.

Impact of Franco-Prussian War

• France's defeat at the hands of Prussians fostered a deep sense of humiliation and resentment.

• Led to heightened nationalism and desire for revenge.

World War I Foundations

• France's national pride and alliances with Russia and Britain escalated tensions.

• Collective involvement of nations due to this nationalist sentiment contributed to a world war.

Treaty of Versailles & Aftermath

• France's goal: to punish Germany severely.

• Major consequences include diminished German military capacity and economic penalties.

• Created an environment that fostered the rise of the Nazis, setting the stage for World War II.

Role of Charles de Gaulle in World War II

• Became a symbol of resistance for the French people.

• Unified previously conflicting groups around leadership against external threats.