FP 10 - Turkey's Soft Power Policy Towards the Balkans

Introduction to Turkey's Soft Power in the Balkans

The Balkans are a region of immense historical significance, acting as a critical geographical and cultural bridge between Europe and Asia. This area has been influenced by a myriad of historical events, and its strategic location has made it a focal point in international relations. In recent history, Turkey has increased its influence in the Balkans through various forms of soft power, building on its rich historical ties that date back to the era of the Ottoman Empire.

Historical Context

The Ottoman Empire's legacy in the Balkans is profound, marking centuries of political and economic dominance over these territories. This historical presence is often referred to as "Ottoman Europe," where the Empire's influence permeated various aspects of daily life, culture, and governance of the local populations.

As the 19th century approached, European terminology evolved, giving birth to the term "Balkans" to specifically describe the region that now comprises several countries, each with its distinct identity yet tethered to this shared past. The Ottoman legacy still echoes in the Balkans, affecting contemporary political and cultural dynamics.

Turkey's Strategy in the Balkans

In recent years, Turkey has adopted a multifaceted approach to enhance its influence through soft power rather than traditional hard power tactics. Soft power, in this context, focuses on cultural, religious, and educational expansion rather than military or coercive measures.

Essential Turkish institutions that are central to this strategy include:

• Diyanet (Presidency of Religious Affairs): This institution aims to reinforce the religious ties between Turkey and the Balkan Muslim communities. It provides religious education, welfare, and social support to Turkish citizens and Muslim populations abroad, helping to establish strong cultural bonds.

• YTB (Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities): The YTB is dedicated to supporting cultural activities for Turkish citizens living abroad, including those in the Balkans. This institution fosters connections through cultural exchanges, scholarships, and funding community projects.

• TIKA (Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency): TIKA plays a vital role in the cultural preservation of Ottoman heritage and provides technical assistance across various sectors. By promoting development projects, TIKA strengthens Turkey's image and fosters goodwill within the Balkan communities.

Soft Power Tools

Cultural institutions and activities are fundamental components of Turkey's soft power in the Balkans, aimed at nurturing relationships, mutual respect, and understanding. Notable efforts include:

• Yunus Emre Cultural Centers: These centers serve as cultural hubs that promote the Turkish language, literature, and cultural heritage through language courses, workshops, and cultural exchanges with local populations. By embedding Turkish culture within the social fabric of the Balkans, these centers aim to cultivate appreciation and interest in Turkey's history and contemporary society.

• Media Influence: One significant tool in soft power is the media, particularly Turkish television series and films, which have gained popularity in the Balkans. These productions not only entertain but also showcase aspects of Turkish culture, values, and lifestyle, contributing to a favorable perception of Turkey among Balkan audiences. By fostering emotional connections, these cultural exports play a pivotal role in enhancing Turkey's image and influence.

Challenges to Turkey's Soft Power

Despite Turkey's concerted efforts to exert soft power in the Balkans, several challenges hinder its effectiveness:

• Gülen Movement: The international classification of the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization complicates Turkey's relations with many Balkan states, which may not universally share this perspective. The fallout from these designations can create distrust and affect Turkey's ability to maintain influence in the region.

• Criticism of Turkish NGOs: Some Turkish non-governmental organizations operating in the Balkans have faced scrutiny and criticism due to perceived sectarian tendencies. These actions can lead to ideological divisions among local populations, undermining efforts to create a cohesive cultural and social bond.

• Economic Concerns: The economic difficulties Turkey faces domestically affect its diplomatic initiatives abroad. Economic instability can limit the resources available for development projects and humanitarian assistance in the Balkans, potentially reducing the impact of Turkey's soft power efforts.

Medical Aid and Humanitarian Efforts

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Turkey showcased its commitment to the region through medical aid to several Western Balkan countries. This response not only highlighted Turkey's solidarity but also served as a potent demonstration of its soft power. Through the provision of medical supplies, personnel, and support, Turkey strengthened its ties with Balkan nations and enhanced its reputation as a responsible and caring neighbor during global health crises.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Turkey's diplomacy in the Balkans effectively leverages its cultural, educational, and religious influence to enhance its standing in international relations. Despite facing multifaceted challenges, the ongoing efforts reflect Turkey's aspirations to reinforce its position in the Balkan region and contribute to regional stability. By relying on soft power strategies, Turkey aims to foster mutually beneficial relationships that honor the historical connections and cultural ties shared with the Balkans.