Unit B cells and systems

UNIT B: CELLS & SYSTEMS – COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE

SECTION 1.0 – LIVING THINGS & ORGANIZATION

(pages 84–96)

Outcome 1 – Characteristics of living things (pg 84–88)

Define organism:

A living thing that carries out all life functions.

Biotic vs Abiotic:

6 characteristics of living things (memorize):

How to identify if something is living:
If it does NOT do all 6 → non-living.
Example: fire grows and uses energy but does NOT have cells or reproduce → non-living.

Outcome 2 – Structure & function in organisms (pg 89–92)

Structure vs Function:

Give It a Try Activity (pg 89) – your answer here based on what you observed.

Bird bills (Figure 1.9, pg 92):

Outcome 3 – Similar functions in different organisms (pg 93–96)

Define organ:

A group of different tissues working together to perform a specific job (e.g., heart, lungs).

Define organ system:

A group of organs working together to perform a major body function.

The 8 body systems (fill this table for your exam):

Section 1.0 Study Guide Questions (answered)

What does the term nutrient mean? (pg 86)

A substance that provides energy and materials for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, fats).

What does the word cell mean? (pg 86)

The smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism.

Describe an adaptation and why it’s important:

Adaptation – a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment.
Example: Camouflage in a chameleon – important so it can hide from predators.

Structure vs function – tell them apart:

• Structure = what it is (noun)

• Function = what it does (verb)
  Example: A leaf’s structure is flat and thin; its function is to capture sunlight for photosynthesis.

Organ vs organ system:

• Organ = single structure (e.g., heart)

• Organ system = group of organs working together (e.g., circulatory system = heart + blood vessels + blood)

Know 2 organs per system and function (use the table above).

SECTION 2.0 – CELLS, MICROSCOPES, DIFFUSION & TISSUES

(pages 98–124)

Outcome 1 – Microscope parts (pg 98–102)

Compound Light Microscope – Parts & Functions:

Outcome 2 – Cells as basic unit of life; plant vs animal cells (pg 103–109)

Define (memorize):

Plant cell vs Animal cell – 3 differences & 3 similarities:

Microscope drawings (you do these in class – 1 animal, 1 plant)

Outcome 3 – Unicellular vs multicellular organisms (pg 110–114)

Outcome 4 – Diffusion & osmosis (pg 115–119)

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration (passive – no energy required).

How does the cell membrane use diffusion?

Small molecules (O₂, CO₂) move directly through the cell membrane by diffusion.

Selective permeability vs diffusion:

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane.

Outcome 5 – Plant & animal structures; roles of cells, tissues, organs (pg 120–124)

Flowchart from Mr. Porterfield’s board (write it here):

Why do cells reproduce exact copies?

To replace damaged or dead cells and for growth.
Example: Skin cells divide to heal a cut.

What is a specialized cell?

A cell with a specific structure for a specific job.
Example: Red blood cell – no nucleus, biconcave shape to carry oxygen.

4 types of human tissues:

3 types of plant tissues:

SECTION 4.0 – HEALTH, DISEASE & MEDICAL RESEARCH

(pages 154–164)

Outcome 1 – Research improving health (pg 154–158)

What is a vaccine?

A substance that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies without causing the disease.

Who created the first vaccine and what was it for?

Edward Jenner – for smallpox (using cowpox material).

Purpose of a vaccine:

It “teaches” your immune system to recognize a germ so you don’t get sick when exposed later.

Who discovered germs and what are they?

Louis Pasteur – germs = microscopic organisms (bacteria, viruses) that cause disease.

Why is sterilization in medicine important?

Kills germs on tools so they aren’t transferred between patients.

Outcome 2 – Research into dysfunctions (pg 159)

What is asthma and how is it treated?

Asthma – airways in lungs become narrow and swollen, making breathing hard.
Treatment: Inhalers (bronchodilators) open airways.

4 factors affecting cell/body system health:

1. Diet/nutrition – lack of vitamins causes disease

2. Exercise – keeps heart and lungs strong

3. Stress – weakens immune system

4. Environmental toxins – smoking, pollution damage cells

Outcome 3 – Factors affecting respiratory, circulatory, digestive systems (pg 161–164)

Smoking effects on lungs & diseases:

Atherosclerosis:

What it is: Plaque (fat, cholesterol) builds up inside arteries.
Cause: High fat diet, smoking, lack of exercise.
Effect: Narrowed arteries → high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke.

Diet and the digestive system – 2 examples:

1. Too much fat → gallstones, weight gain

2. Too little fiber → constipation, colon problems

3. Acidic/spicy food → ulcers (sores in stomach lining)

SECTION 4.0 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS (answered)

What is a vaccine? (pg 155)

A substance that prevents disease by triggering immune response.

2 factors affecting human health (bottom pg 159):

1. Physical activity

2. Sleep

Name 3 dangerous cigarette ingredients:

1. Nicotine (addictive)

2. Tar (damages lungs)

3. Carbon monoxide (replaces oxygen in blood)

Effect of 1 smoking-related disease (pick one):

Emphysema – alveoli are destroyed → less surface area for gas exchange → shortness of breath.

How cholesterol affects the body (pg 163):

Too much LDL (“bad”) cholesterol → builds up as plaque in arteries → atherosclerosis → heart attack or stroke.

How ulcers are formed (pg 164):

H. pylori bacteria weakens stomach lining; stomach acid then damages the tissue → painful sore (ulcer).

BONUS: MASTER FLASHCARD SET (Front/Back)