quiz 5 civil rights

Abolitionist Movement: A movement that viewed slavery as an abomination and was committed to ending it.1

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Emancipation Proclamation: Declared that all enslaved people in Confederate states “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”1

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Reconstruction Amendments: The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution.1

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Reconstruction: The period (1865–77) after the Civil War when Black Americans organized for greater social, economic, and political freedoms and were significantly aided by the national government in their quest for a more equitable society.1

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Civil Rights Act of 1866: Defined as citizens all persons, regardless of race, born in the United States.1

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): The Supreme Court case that upheld a Louisiana law requiring racial segregation on trolleys and other public transit and established the "separate but equal" rule.23

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Lynchings: The extrajudicial killing, usually by hanging, of a person by a mob.4

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Strict Scrutiny Test: Places the burden of proof on the government to show that the law in question is constitutional, rather than on the challengers to show the law's unconstitutionality.5

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): A key Black-led civil rights organization that built networks capable of launching large-scale nonviolent direct-action campaigns against Southern segregationists.6

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): A key Black-led civil rights organization that built networks capable of launching large-scale nonviolent direct-action campaigns against Southern segregationists.6

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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): A key Black-led civil rights organization that built networks capable of launching large-scale nonviolent direct-action campaigns against Southern segregationists.6

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Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56): A protest campaign in Montgomery, Alabama sparked by Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her seat on a bus to a White man, which lasted until the Supreme Court declared that Montgomery's segregated buses were unconstitutional.7

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Sit-in Movement: Began when four Black college students asked to be served at a "Whites only" lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 and spread to include over 70,000 participants who would walk into a segregated establishment, ask to be served, and refuse to leave when denied service.8

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963): A march on Washington, D.C. where over 200,000 demonstrators and many civil rights organizations came together to continue to raise public awareness about the moral wrong of racial segregation and to pressure the government into action.9

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Selma-to-Montgomery Marches (1965): A series of marches organized by Alabama activists to raise awareness and pressure Congress for additional voting legislation, in which nonviolent participants walked from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery, and were teargassed and beaten by Alabama state troopers on their first attempt.10

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Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Authorized the Justice Department to implement federal court orders for school desegregation without waiting for parents to bring complaints.11

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Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Provided that federal grants-in-aid for education must be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation.1112

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Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Abolished the poll tax.13

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Shelby County v. Holder (2013): The Supreme Court case that declared unconstitutional Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act, which Section 5 preclearance relied on.14

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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed job discrimination by all private and public employers with more than 15 workers.15

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): A federal agency with the power to enforce fair-employment practices.15

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Fair Housing Act (1968): Prohibited housing discrimination.16

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Loving v. Virginia (1967): The Supreme Court case that ruled that any state laws outlawing interracial marriage were unconstitutional.17

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Coverture: The legal doctrine that gave husbands control over their wives' property.18

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Nineteenth Amendment: Guaranteed all American women the right to vote.19

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Title IX of the 1972 Education Act: Outlawed gender discrimination in education.20

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Pay Discrimination: Paying a male employee more than a female employee of equal qualifications in the same job.21

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Equal Pay Act of 1963: Made pay discrimination illegal.21

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Quid Pro Quo Harassment: An explicit or strongly implied threat that submission to sexual advances is a condition of continued employment.22

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Hostile Environment Harassment: Harassment that creates offensive or intimidating working conditions.22

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#MeToo Movement: Encouraged women to demand justice for sexual crimes committed against them.23

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Extended the Texas border to the Rio Grande and ceded to the United States the territory that now comprises Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.24

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Hernandez v. Texas (1954): The Supreme Court case that affirmed that Mexican Americans and all other nationality groups were entitled to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.25

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League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC): Achieved a major victory in Hernandez v. Texas.25

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Suspended the entry of Chinese laborers.26

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Internment Prisons: Facilities where over 120,000 people of Japanese descent, including 90,000 American citizens, were forcibly confined during World War II.26

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Civil Liberties Act of 1988: The federal government acknowledged the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a "grave injustice" and provided reparations of $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American.26

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Ozawa v. United States (1922): The Supreme Court case that ruled that people of Japanese descent were "ineligible for citizenship".27

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United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923): The Supreme Court case that ruled that a Sikh immigrant from India was ineligible for naturalization because he was of Indian descent.27

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Korematsu v. United States (1944): The Supreme Court case that upheld Japanese internment.27

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Indian Removal Act of 1830: Forced Native American tribes to give up their lands east of the Mississippi River and relocate to reservations west of the Mississippi.28

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Indian Citizenship Act (1924): Granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States.29

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Dawes Act (1887): Sought to break up Native American tribes by encouraging individuals to leave their tribal groups.29

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Wheeler-Howard Law (1934): Renewed tribal rights and tribal self-government for Native Americans.29

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Red Power Movement: A movement by Native Americans to raise awareness of issues such as sovereignty, police brutality, and broken treaties.30

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Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act: Outlawed discrimination against people with disabilities.31

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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990: Guarantees people with disabilities access to public spaces and prohibits discrimination in employment, housing, and health care.31

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Stonewall Inn Riots (1969): A series of violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the modern fight for LGBTQ rights in the United States.31 Note: Information on the significance of the Stonewall Inn riots as the single most important event leading to the modern fight for LGBTQ rights in the United States is not found in the provided sources.

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Bowers v. Hardwick: A Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults.32

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Romer v. Evans (1996): The Supreme Court case that extended civil rights protections to gay and lesbian people.32

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Lawrence v. Texas (2003): The Supreme Court case that extended the right of privacy to sexual minorities.32

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Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): The Supreme Court case that guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry in all states.32

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DREAM Act: A piece of legislation that would allow undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children to become permanent legal residents through military service or college attendance.33

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Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): Instructed immigration officials to take no action to deport law-abiding people who entered the United States unauthorized as children.33

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Islamophobia: The fear of and discrimination against Islam or people who practice Islam.34

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First Step Act (2018): A bipartisan criminal justice bill that reduced mandatory minimum sentences and improved conditions in federal prisons.35

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Black Lives Matter (BLM) Movement: A movement that affirms Black people’s humanity and calls attention to persistent forms of racism in the United States, including in policing, housing, and education.36