ap psychology unit 9

1. aggression - any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (connected to bandura and bobo the clown: experiment in which bandura had adults perform violent actions on a toy clown and see the kids reactions which were that they also hurt the clown even worse)

2. altruism - unselfish regard for the welfare of others

3. Asch line studies - conformity understanding test; answers wrongly ro conform with the group instead of being the only right one; depends on size of the group, unanimity of majority, public or private

4. chameleon effect - people synchronizing their grammar and often the way they speak to match the material they are reading or people theyre hearing

5. cognitive dissonance theory - we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts are inconsistent with our attitudes aka when we realize actions and attitues dont match, we change attitude

6. deindividuation - loss of self awareness and self restraint occuring in grouo situations that fister arousal and anonymity (group, part of group, bo longer my own individual, collectivism)

7. discrimination - unjustifiable negative behavior towarf a group and its members

8. foot-in-the-door phenomenon - tendency for people who have first agreed with a small favor to comply with a larger request (or inverse)

9. frustration aggression principle - principle that frustration (blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger which can generate aggression

10. fundamental attribution error - tendencys for observers, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overesitate the impact of personal disposition (would rather believe that a person is evil or mean than think about the pressure of their situation)

11. groupthink - the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group iverrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives ; Groupthink" explains the phenomenon of harmonious but unrealistic group thinking. Groupthink can be dangerous because it can be fed by overconfidence, conformity, self-justification, and group-polarization. It can work for good because two heads are better than one in solving many problems. deindividuation

12. group polarization - enhavcement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group

13. informational social influence - influence tesulting from ones willinglnessp to accept others opinions about reality

14. ingroup bias - the tendency to favoe our own group

15. just world phenomenon - tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they seserve and deserve what they get

16. mere exposure effect - phenomennon that repeated ezposure to novel stimuli increasels liking of them

17. Milgram’s Study - people are most likely to obey when the person givign orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure, the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution, victim was depersonalized or at a distance, there were no role models for defiance

18. modeling - Modelling can occur when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behaviour (acting as a model) that may then be imitated

19. normative social influence - influence resulting a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

20. obedience - obedience is following the rules of an authroity figure

21. other-race effect - the tendency to recall faces from ones own races more accurately than others (cross race effect or race bias)

22. prejudice - an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. generally involves steroetyped beliefs, negative frelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action;

23. reciprocity norm - an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

24. role-playing - roleplaying can affect how a person behaves; if they assume a role that implies a superiority to other roles, they will begin to behave as if they are superior and will often resort to violence, anger, bullying, and discrimination against other groups due to ones own “superiority”

25. peripheral route persuasion - occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

central route persuasion - occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

26. scapegoat theory - theory that orejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blameo

27. self-worth - Self-worth is the internal sense of being good enough and worthy of love and belonging from others

28. social facilitation - imrpoved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

29. social loafing - tendency for people ina group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

30. stereotypes - generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) beliefs about a group of people

31. attribution theory - theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

seasonal is ones behavior in specific situation, whereas dispositional is ones behavior, linked to traits. (nice person gets angry at someone when theyre not usually angry does NOT equal them having an anger trait.) (personality)

things that attribute to aggression -

biological influences:

• genetic

• biochemical, testosterone or alcohol

• neural influences like a severe head injury

psychological influences:

• dominating behavior (which boosts testosterone in blood)

• brlieving alcohol has been drunk whether or not it actually had

• frustration

• aggressive role models

• rewards for aggressivr behaviot

• low self control

sociocultural influences

• deindiviuation from being in a crowd or group

• challenging environmental factors such as crowding, heat, insults, provocation

• parental models of aggression

• minimal father involvement

• rejection from group

• exposure to violent media