Oscillators - Signal Generators

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp, resistors $R$ , $R1$ , and $R2$ , and capacitor $C$ .
Output voltage is denoted as $v_O$ .
Negative input voltage is $vN$ and positive input voltage is $vP$ .
Design equations:
- Frequency: $f_0 = \frac{1}{T}$
- Period: $T = 2RC \ln(1 + 2\frac{R1}{R2})$

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp, resistors $R$ , $R1$ , $R2$ , $R3$ , and $R4$ , and capacitor $C$ .
Voltage source: $V_{CC}$ .
Output voltage is denoted as $v_O$ .
Negative input voltage is $v_N$ .
Design equations:
- Frequency: $f0 = \frac{1}{RC \ln(\frac{V{TH}}{V{TL}} \times \frac{V{CC} - V{TL}}{V{CC} - V_{TH}})}$

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp, resistors $R$ , $R1$ , $R2$ , and $R3$ , capacitor $C$ , and voltage source $V{SQ}$ .
Intermediate voltage is denoted as $v_1$ .
Threshold voltage is denoted as $V_T$ .
Design equations:
- Frequency: $f0 = \frac{R2}{R_1} \frac{1}{4RC}$

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp (OA), comparator (CMP), resistors $R$ , $R1$ , $R2$ , $R3$ , $RH$ , and $RL$ , capacitor $C$ , diodes $D1$ , $D2$ , $D3$ , and $D4$ , and voltage source $V{SQ}$ .
Intermediate voltage is denoted as $v_1$ .
Threshold voltage is denoted as $V_T$ .
Design equations:
- Low time: $TL = 2 \frac{R1}{R2} C(RL + R)$
- High time: $TH = 2 \frac{R1}{R2} C(RH + R)$

Circuit diagram includes components: CMOS gates $I1$ and $I2$ , resistor $R$ , capacitor $C$ , and voltage source $V_{DD}$ .
Voltages at different points are labeled as $V1$ , $V2$ , and $V_3$ .
Output voltage is denoted as $V_O$ .
Condition: 1 >> R
Design equations:
- Frequency: $f0 = \frac{1}{RC \ln(\frac{V{DD} + VT}{VT} \times \frac{2V{DD} - VT}{V{DD} - VT})}$

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp (AI), resistor $R$ , capacitor $C$ , and voltage source $V_{DD}$ .
Input voltages are $v1$ and $v2$ .
Output voltage is denoted as $V_{out}$ .
Design equations:
- Pulse width: $T = RC \ln(\frac{V{DD}}{V{DD} - V_T})$

Circuit diagram includes a 555 timer IC with connected components: resistors $RA$ and $RB$ , and capacitor $C$ .
Various pins are labeled: TRIG (2), GND (1), THRESH (6), DISCH (7), VCC (8), RES (4), and OUT (3).
Output voltage is denoted as $V_{OUT}$ .
Design equations:
- Period: $T = TL + TH = RB C \ln 2 + (RA + RB) C \ln(\frac{V{CC} - V{TH}/2}{V{CC} - V_{TH}})$
- Frequency: $f0 = \frac{1.44}{(RA + 2R_B)C}$
- Duty cycle: $D(\%) = 100 \frac{RA + RB}{RA + 2RB}$

Circuit diagram includes a 555 timer IC with connected components: resistor $R$ and capacitor $C$ .
Various pins are labeled: DISCH (7), GND (1), TRIG (2), THRESH (6), VCC (8), RES (4), and OUT (3).
Input voltage is denoted as $v_I$ .
Output voltage is denoted as $V_{OUT}$ .
Design equations:
- Pulse width: $T = RC \ln(\frac{V{CC}}{V{CC} - V_{TH}})$

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp (OA), comparator (CMP), resistors $R, R1, R2, R3$ , and $2R$ , capacitor $C$ , and current source $iI$ .
Input voltages are $vI$ and $v{I2}$ .
Threshold voltages are $V{TH}$ and $V{TL}$ .
Design equations:
- Frequency: $f0 = \frac{vI}{8RC(V{TH} - V{TL})}$

Circuit diagram includes components: Op-amp (OA), comparator (CMP) LM311, resistors $R, R1, R2, R3$ , capacitor $C, C1$ , and current source $i_I$ .
Voltage source: +15V
Input voltages are $vI$ and $vP$ .
Output voltage is denoted as $v_{ST}$ .
Output pulse is denoted as $v_{PULSE}$ .
Design equations:
- Frequency: $f0 = \frac{1}{RCVT / |vI| + TD}$
- Simplified frequency: $f0 = \frac{|vI|}{RCV_T}$