1 21st Century

Lesson 1: Geographic, Linguistic and ethinic dimentions of philippine litteracy

Literature

• the term used to ==describe written== or ==spoken materials==

• pieces of writing that are ==valued as works of art== especially novels, plays, poems.

• may be defined as an ==artistic representation of life== that is of varied ==human experiences== in different forms or expressions

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History of Literature

Pre-Spanish literature

• Folk tales (Kwentong bayan): These are ==made up of stories== about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can ==derive lessons about life==.

  An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN.

• The Epic Age: Epics are ==long narrative poems== in which a ==series of heroic achievements== or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length.

  Examples: Biag ni Lam-Ang, Darangen a Muslim epic, Bantugan of the Maranao, Kudaman of Palawan, Alim of the Ifugao, Hinilawod of Panay, Ibalon of Bikol

• Folk Songs: These are one of the ==oldest forms of Philippine literature== that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs ==mirrored the early forms of culture==. ==Many of these have 12syllables==.

  Examples of which are Kundiman (courtship), Kumintang o Tagumpay (victory o war), Ang Dalit o Imno (awit sa Diyos), Ang Oyayi o Hele (lullaby), Diana(wedding), Soliraning (laborer) and Talindaw (boatman).

Spanish Colonization

• Literature in this period may be classified as ==religious prose and poetry== and ==secular prose and poetry.==

  Prose: written in ==sentence and paragraphs.== eg. novel, newspaper article, letters, essays

  Poetry: written in ==lines and stanzas==. eg. poems

• It has two distinct classifications:

  ==religious== (based in religion) and

  ==secular== (does not based on religion)

• It introduced ==Spanish== as the ==medium of communication==

• Literary Forms:

  1. Religious Literature: religious lyrics ==written by ladino poets== or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in ==early catechism== and were uses to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.

  A. Pasyon: ==long narrative poem== about the passion and ==death of Christ==. The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin” by Aguino de Belen.

  B. Cenakulo: ==dramatization of the pasyon==, it shows the passion and death of Christ

  2. Secular (non-religious) Literature:

  A. Awit: ==colorful tales of chivalry== made for singing and chanting and have measures of ==12 syllables== and ==slowly sung to the accompaniment of guitar or banduria==

  eg. Florante at Laura

  B. Korido: Have measures of ==8 syllables== and ==recited to a martial beat==

  eg. Ibong Adarna

Period of enlightenment

In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ==illustrados== began to write about the hitch of colonization.

The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896): This movement was ==spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class== like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.

• Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios, Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos and Filipinas Dentro De Cien Aňos.
• Some of Del Pilar’s writings: Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country), Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful), and Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes).
• Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang Fray Botod, La Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar). and Everything Is Hambug (Everything is mere show), Sa Mga Pilipino…1891), and Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus).

American Regime

Linguistically, Americans influenced ==Filipino writers to write using English language==. ==Jose Garcia Villa== became ==famous for his free verse.==
Characteristics of Literature during this period:
The languages used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions, but the writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts ==to arouse love for one’s native tongue== and the writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.

The Japanese Period

Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was ==interrupted in its development== when another foreign country, Japan, conquered the Philippines. ==Philippine literature in English came to a halt==. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all news-papers in English were stopped by the Japanese.

Filipino Poetry During This Period

The common ==theme of most poems== during the Japanese occupation was ==nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.==

Three types of poems emerged during this period:

1. Haiku: a poem of ==free verse that the Japanese like==. It was made up of ==17 syllables== divided into ==three lines==.
2. Tanaga: like the Haiku, ==is short==, but it had ==measure and rhyme==.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form): has ==8 or 12 syllables with rhyme==

Philippine Literature in English

Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, ==Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period==. For the first twenty years, many books were published both in Filipino and in English. In the New Filipino Literature, ==Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived during this period.== ==Most themes in the writings== dealt with ==Japanese brutalities, the poverty of life== under the Japanese government, and ==the brave guerilla exploits.==

Period of Activism

According to ==Pociano Pineda==, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to ==domestic and worldwide causes==. Because of the ills of society, ==the youth moved to seek reforms==.

The Literary Revolution:

==The youth became vocal== with their sentiments. They ==demanded a change== in the government. It was manifested in the bloody demonstrations and the sidewalk expressions but also in literature.

Period of new society

The period of the New Society started on ==September 21, 1972==. The ==Carlos Palanca Awards== continued to give annual awards. ==Poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs, and the beauties of nature and surroundings.== Newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos before were hooked in reading ==magazines and comics==.

Period of the third republic

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino, which started under the New Society, ==Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.==The Philippines became a new nation, and this; former ==President Marcos called “The New Republic of the Philippines.”== ==Poems== during this period of the Third Republic were ==romantic and revolutionary.== Many Filipino ==songs== dealt with ==themes that were true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and fellowmen.==

Post-Edsa Revolution

History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their independence, which they lost twenty years ago. In four days from ==February 21-25, 1986,== the so-called ==People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed==. In the short span of the existence of the real Republic of the Philippines, several changes already became evident. It was noticed in the new Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and even in the television programs. The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL.

21st Century

The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the need and tastes of the new generation. ==21st Century learners are demanded to be ICT inclined== to compete with the style and format of writing as well. ==New codes or lingos== are used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays.

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