Heimler Unit 1 Review Video Notes:

State: a territory maintained and governed by a single rule

Developments in Song China

• Song Dynasty

  • How did they maintain and justify their rule?

    • Neo-Confucianism

      • used neo- because it was the revival of an old confucianism

      • sought to rid confucian thought of the influence of Buddhism that had significant influence in prior centuries.

      • nature of society is hierarchical

    • Filial Piety - emphasized the value of children obeying and honoring their parents, grandparents, and deceased ancestors.

    • Women

      • stripped of legal rights - If they owned land or a property, it became their husband’s, and if they were married and divorced or widowed, they could not remarry

      • social structure

        • loss of education

        • foot binding- breaking the woman’s foot as a sign of wealth (if your foot is broken and you can work, it means you have enough money to hire servants or just get another wife to work)

    • Imperial bureaucracy

      • a government entity arranged in a hierarchical fashion that carries out the will of the emperor

      • made up of all the people who make sure the people follow the rules

    • civil service exam

      • an exam based on confucianism

      • ensured only the best people would get the job

      • signified wealth

  • Influence

    • Korea, Japan, Vietnam

    • Korea used a similar civil service exam and buddhism

  • Buddhism

    • centered around the 4 noble truths around life

    • live a nobel life

    • nirvana

      • how did dit change?

        • theravada buddhism

          • only some could achieve nirvana

        • Mahayana buddhism

          • everyone could achieve nirvana

  • economy

    • population explosion in song china

    • commercialization of the song economy

    • produce of more goods than they consumed

    • porcelain and silk

    • made a ton of money

    • champa rice

      • matured early, resisted drought, and could be harvested a lot

      • pop growth and money

    • expansion of the grand canal which led to trade and money

• Dar al Islam

  • house of islam

  • judaism- teaching of the Hebrew bible

  • Christianity - extension of Judaism

  • Islam claimed to be the final prophet of Muhammad

  • monotheistic

  • used beliefs to shape culture and society

    • Abbasid caliphate;

      • ethnically arab

      • begun to break up and lose power that led to the rise of new muslim empires led by turks

    • deli sultanate

      • seljuk empire

        • turkic

        • diversity

        • seljic fought with Abbasids and set up a new empire

        • did NOT replace them (done by the mongols later)

        • remained in power claiming to be the face of Islamic power

        • dominance of Arabs was fading and being replaced by turks

        • mostly military

        • sharia law was the center of the government

          • based on the Quran

      • culture

        • math

        • trig

        • Muslim s preserved ancient philosophy

        • house of wisdom under the Abbasid empire

        • renaissance in Rome

  • both represent the center of the world and wealth

    • military expansion

    • expansion of Muslim merchants

    • missionary activities of Suffies which adapted to local belief

• south asia

  • beliefs

    • Hindu buddhism islam

    • by the start of 1200 south Asia was basically gone and replaced with hindu

    • deli sultanate

      • religion of the elite under islam

    • Bakti movement

      • innovation of polytheistic movements

      • challenged social and gender hierarchy

  • state building

    • difficulty spreading Islam in a mostly Hindu nation

    • Rajput kingdom- rival and waring hindu kingdoms

    • vejeianna kingdom - establish because of failed attempt to remove hindu

    • converted back to hinduism

• southeast

  • state building

    • majapahit kingdom

      • buddhist kingdom

      • most powerful in southeast asia

      • maintained influence through control of sea based trade

  • Khmer empire

    • buddhist

    • buddhist temple that stated as hindu

• state building in the americas

  • mesoamerica

    • Aztec empire

      • HUGE

      • largest city in the americas

      • empire with aggressive expansion

      • system of tribute states- labor and contribution by other states to the aztecs

      • slavery

      • human sacrifice

      • decentralized

    • Incan empire

      • land and language of older societies

      • intrusive to the other communities

      • developed bureaucracy

      • mita system-

        • labor of state project

      • very centralized

  • Mississippian culture

    • ag based

    • large towns

    • monumental mounds of towns

    • burial mounds

• state building in africa

  • east

    • swahili

      • influential due to inv in India ocean trade

      • independent politically

      • Muslim influence

        • new language- swahili

      • intermingling of various cultures

      • rapidly converted to islam

  • west

    • growth was driven by trade

    • converted to muslim

    • majority held to indigenous culture

    • common lang and culture

    • not sea based trade- trans saharan

  • great zimbabwe

    • massive structure

    • 18k people

    • grew due to trade

    • farming and cattle herding

    • because wealth

    • shifted to gold export

    • rulers never converted to islam

  • ethiopia

    • grew due to trade

    • they were CHRISTIAN

    • power was hierarchical

    • class structure

• europe

  • belief

    • christianity

      • eastern Orthodox and Roman catholic

        • eo was dying

        • unite with the adoption of eo

      • Roman Catholic dominated after the fall of the Roman empire

        • linked every state together culturally

        • church had influence over society

        • Muslims had little influence bt still conquered

  • state building

    • no large empires politically

    • decentralization

    • main social and political was organized by feudalism- power gained power from little power

    • military power

    • manorialism

      • manors owned by lords with peasants - SERFS

      • bound to the land not the lord

Main Ideas

1. Religions

   • Confucianism:

     • set around a social hierarchy

     • based upon respect of those above you, and providing for those lower

       • wife to husband

       • younger sibling to older sibling

       • peasant to leader

       • child to FATHER

       • friend to friend (the only equal relationship)

     • the civil service exam was based on it’s teachings

       • an exam for everybody (but was a symbol of wealth because only the rich could afford to devote their young life to study instead of having to work)

       • if you passed, you got an immediate position in government

       • ensured only those qualified to work in power would

     • based on a set of writing (prophecies)

   • Daoism

     • emphasized harmony

     • includes rituals, dietary restrictions, and laws

     • the Dao (means ‘the way’) is the natural order of the world

     • belief set to avoid struggle, suffering, and violence

   • Islam

     • Qur’an was the writings of Muhammad

     • he saw visions instructing him to preach his writings

     • monotheistic

     • Islam translates to “submission to God”

     • According to the Muslim shari’a, or sacred law, five practices—the profession of faith in God and in Muhammad as God’s prophet, regular prayer at home or in mosques, fasting during the sacred month of Ramadan, giving alms (charity) to the poor, and a pilgrimage to Mecca

   • Judaism

     • Hebrews put together their teachings of ethics, morals, traditions, laws, and history, and it became known as the Torah

     • based on the concept of the covenant, which is the belief that people existed between themselves and God

     • Worship of Jesus Christ

     • do not believe that He died on the cross like Christians do

2. Song China

   • Dynastic Cycle

     • process of a dynasty:

       • Begins strong with a successful leader

       • begins to fall

       • people take down the first leader and either fall or get a new leader and become successful again

   • Civil Service exam

     • exam taken based on confucian teachings to ensure only those who were worthy were in a position of power

   • Mandate of Heaven

     • the idea that there could only be only leader in China at a time, and who ever was the leader as put there and blessed by God

   • Women

     • no social liberties

       • properties belonged to husbands

       • only got one husband- he died or you divorced you’re single for life

       • foot binding: bending the foot back until it broke repeatedly so the woman could not walk or work- a symbol of wealth

3. Abbasid Caliphate

   • a powerful political and intelligence force under Islam

     • House of Wisdom

       • leading center of education and politics in the Islamic world

       • mainly sciences and mathematics

4. Economics

   • Champa Rice

     • led to a population explosion in China

     • fast growing

     • drought resistant

     • able to be harvested multiple times a year

     • led to food security

   • Paper Money

     • new trade systems had many types of currency,

     • iron (which was used for coin) was replaced by paper money that could be used worldwide

     • mostly for Chinese benefit

   • Agriculturally dependant

     • relied on crops

     • slave or coerced labor

5. Fall of the Roman Empire

   • Rome fell and was divided into two separate empires

   • creation of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity

   • Led by the Catholic churches

   • serfdom and manorialism emerged

   • Serfs

     • serfs were laborers tied to the LAND not the LORDS living there

     • usually housed in a church on the manor’s properties

6. Mansa Musa

   • the leader of Mali

     • an uncentral territory in Africa

     • Muslim

     • shared culture and language

   • wealthiest man of all time

   • Muslim leader of Africa’s Mali