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Chapter 13 Applied Genetics
Selective Breeding
-involves choosing which organisms will reproduce to develop desired traits in a population
-the process of breeding two different organisms from distinct populations resulting in offspring that inherit traits from both parents, creating a hybrid with a combination of genetic materials from each parent
-traits that are selected will give hybrid organisms a competitive edge— they can be more disease resistant
- one of the most well known hybridization is a liger - lion and a tiger
- a mule also is well known, they are generally sterile due to mis-match chromosomes
Inbreeding
-selective breeding of closely related organism
-to produce desired and eliminate undesired
-results in pure lines
-harmful recessive traits can be passed
-risks heart diseases
ex. Bulldogs
Test Cross
Used to determine the genotype of an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype
DNA Technology
- also called genetic modification
- using laboratory- based tech to alter DNA makeup
- foundation of modern biotechnology
- by understanding how to isolate, copy, and edit genes
- we can make resistant crops and medical treatments
Genetic Engineering
- genetic engineering bacteria and other microorganisms are currently used to produce human insulin,growth hormones
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)- a protein that emits green light when exposed to ultraviolet- isolated from jellyfish
-helps track cells behavior
-indicator whether specific gene is expressed
DNA tools
Restriction enzymes= restriction endonucleases- proteins are isolated from bacteria that cleave DNA sequences at - specific sequence sites
EcoRI-restriction enzyme that cuts DNA, containing the sequence GAATTC
- the ends of DNA fragments = sticky ends- single stranded DNA
Gel Electrophoresis-
-a laboratory technique that separates molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge
Recombinant DNA Technology
-allows scientists to manipulate DNA fragments in order to sell them in a lab
-DNA fragments can be removed from a gel after electrophones— and can be combine with other DNA fragments
-Large quantities are needed in order to study them
Carrier,vector- used to transfer recombinant DNA to host call
-Large numbers of identical bacteria containing plasmid can be produced by cloning
-the plasmid containing a gene that codes for resistance to an antibiotic such as ampicillin- bacteria have taken up the plasmid can grow agar that contains ampicillin
DNA sequencing
-a laboratory technique that determines the exact order of the four bases of nucleotides that make up DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction
-technique used in a lab that amplifies a specific DNA segment to produce billions of copies
Biotechnology
-the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems
transgenic animals- animals that have had a foreign gene or DNA sequence, called a transgene, inserted in the genome
-genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to simple genetics
-transgenic animals are made in labs for scientific reasons
-transgenic plants are genetically made to be more resistant to bugs and pests
Transgenic bacteria-makes insulin, growth hormone, substances that dissolve blood clots, slow formation of ice crystals on crops, clean up oil spills, decompose garage
The Human Genome Project
-an international research initiative aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire genome
-completed in 2003
-to identify all human genes
Achievements:
-completed genome sequence
-identification at disease-causing genes
-accelerated the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology for research, agriculture and drug development
DNA Fingerprinting
- a laboratory technique that analyzes DNA to identify a person or a living thing
ex.
-crimes
-paternity test
-conservation studies
-clinical studies
Identify Genes
-the process of finding regions of a genome’s DNA sequence that encodes biologically active products
DNA microarrays
- a tool that analyzes DNA by attaching DNA spots to a solid surface
Measure gene expression
Genotype genomes
Detect mutations
Identify subtypes to cancer
HapMap project
-a single nucleotide polymorphism is a genomic variant at a single base position in DNA.Scientists if and now SNP’s in a genome impact
Pharmacogenomics
-a field of study that examines how an individual genetic makeup influence their response to medications
Gene therapy
-treatment that uses genetic material to treat or prevent disease by modifying or introducing genes in a patient
Genomics and Proteomics
Genomics-study of organisms genome
Preteomics-study of proteins;it involves studying the structure ,function,and interactions of proteins within cells