Unit One Biology 10 Study Guide

Unit One Biology 10 Study Guide  

Test: Thursday, Oct. 24th

TERMS TO KNOW:

  • Xylem cells

    • The cells in a plant that provide support/stability and transport water and minerals 

  • Springwood

    • The xylem cells in a plant that are bigger and thinner, better at carrying water and minerals 

  • Summerwood

    • The xylem cells in a plant that are smaller but thicker and better at providing support and stability

  • Heartwood

    • Towards the middle of the trunk; dirty, old, clogged; can’t carry water and minerals

  • Sapwood 

    • Towards the outside of the trunk; clean, new, open

  • 5 KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

    • Animalia; earthworms, insects, fish, mammals, birds, etc

    • Plantae; moss, ferns, flowering plants 

    • Fungi; mushrooms, mold, yeast

    • Monera; single celled bacteria organisms

    • Protista; water and slime molds, algae

  • Ecology

    • The study of interactions that living organisms have with other living organisms and with the nonliving parts of the environment

  • Organism 

    • A living individual


  • Species

    • All of the individuals of a specific type of organism that can breed and produce fertile offspring (Humans are one species)

  • Population

    • All the individuals of a single species living together in a specific area (Slinger is an example of a population)

  • Community

    • All the populations of an area that are interacting with each other 

  • Ecosystem

    • A total community plus the nonliving parts of the environment that are all interacting with each other

  • Photosynthesis

    • EX: plants, algae, some bacteria

    • Formula: Sunlight + 6H2O + 6O2—C6H12O6 + 6O2

    • DURING photosynthesis, water breaks, oxygen increases, carbon dioxide decreases and turns into glucose 

  • Stoma

    • A pore in a leaf that allows for gas exchange and transpiration 

  • Transpiration

    • Process by which plants lose water through their stomata 

  • The three points

    • A simple point is not so simple

    • Frame the picture before you start analyzing the big picture

    • Sometimes the picture has gaps and the scientist will try to fill the gaps 



  • Energy 

    • Energy can change forms or be transformed

    • Energy can never be created nor destroyed 

    • Energy can be absorbed, store, or released

    • It can be absorbed during photosynthesis, stored as light as organic compounds, and released when all cells do cellular respiration

    • TYPES of energy are electricity, heat, light, kinetic (mechanical) or potential (stored) 

  • Matter

    • Matter can change forms or be transferred

    • Matter can never be created or destroyed

    • Matter can be absorbed, stored, and released

    • It can be absorbed during photosynthesis, stored as organic compounds (water and CO2), and released when all cells do cellular respiration

  • Cellular respiration

    • A lot of energy is RELEASED 

    • Organisms take sugar molecules and burn them 

    • In living systems, a lot of energy is stored during photosynthesis

    • Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2– 6H2O + 6CO2 + released energy 

  • Biogeochemical cycles

    • Bio- living

    • Geo- earth

    • Chemical- almost always following a specific type of atom 

    • Every atom that is present ends up in the end



  • Organic compounds 

    • Molecules that have carbon atoms and are derived from living things 

    • EX: carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, sodium, lipids, etc…

  • Producer

    • An organism that uses chemical or solar energy to build organic compounds from inorganic items in the environment

  • Consumer

    • An organism that gets its organic compounds by eating the tissue of other organisms 


  • Decomposers

    • An organism that feeds on detritus 

  • Detritus

    • Dead organisms that shed parts of living organisms and feed on the waste of living organisms 

  • Succession 

    • The sequential changes (one event after another) in a community of a specific area over relatively long periods of time

  • PRIMARY SUCCESSION

    • No soil present at the start of the process

  • SECONDARY SUCCESSION

    • Soil is present at the start of the process, but vegetation is removed by some type of disturbance

  • Pioneer Species 

    • A specific type of organism that is among the first to colonize an area during succession



  • Trophic pyramid 

    • A three dimensional volume of item that include producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and quaternary consumers 

  • Chemical reaction vs. chemical equation

    • Chemical reaction

      • The action

    • Chemical equation

      • Chemical symbols

  • Conserved vs. transformed

    • Conserved

      • Stored away, matter cannot be created nor destroyed 

    • Transformed

      • Changes throughout the process 

  • Food chain

    • In the food chain, the arrows represent the transfer of energy between producers and consumers

    • EX: energy (sun) – producer (grass) – primary consumer (grasshopper) – secondary consumer (shrew) – tertiary consumer (owl) 

  • Pre fixes to know: 

    • Hydro- water

    • Phage- eat

    • a/an- without

    • Photo- sunlight 

    • Mono- one

    • Inter- between

    • Bio- living

    • Co- together

    • Dendro- tree

    • Syn- together 

    • Micro- small

    • Macro- large

    • Ology- study of… 

    • Derm- skin

    • Auto- self 

    • Aqua- water

    • Aero- air

    • Vor- eat

    • Scope- see

    • Intra- within

    • Rhizo- roots

    • Myco- fungi

    • Troph-  food 

    • Bi- two