Week 1-2

Feminism as Social Theory

• Feminism encourages inclusiveness, recognizing women in social roles beyond mere victims of marginalization.

• Acknowledges women's contributions to nation-building and representation in various sectors.

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Phenomenology

• Edmund Husserl (1859–1938): Often called the father of phenomenology, he sought a universal foundation of philosophy through pure phenomenology.

• Main Focus: Study of lived experiences, asking, "What is this experience like?"

• Objective: Comprehend the meanings of human experiences in daily life.

Hermeneutical Phenomenology

• Emphasizes illuminating ordinary experiences and their meanings in daily life.

• Difference from traditional phenomenology: seeks to understand the complex details of life experiences.

• Martin Heidegger: Shifted focus to 'Dasein' (the mode of being human), emphasizing humans' concern with existence in an alien world, contrasting with Husserl's understanding of humans primarily as knowers.

Human-Environment Systems

• Defined as systems that integrate human and natural components showing the interaction and feedback between them.

• Framework:

• Acknowledges human impact on the environment and vice versa.

• Identifies pressures on various environmental aspects (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere).

• Addresses societal responses to environmental changes to mitigate negative impacts.