Bio Unit One Study guide

Language of Anatomy Affixes

a/an- without

ambi/amphi- two/both

anti- against

auto- self

bio- life

bildi- 2/double

cephalo- head

cyto- cell

endo- inner

epi- outer

erythro- red

exo- out

homo- same

hyper- low/ below

hydro- water

inter- between

intra- within/inside

iso- same/ equal

leuko- white

macro/mega- large

mal- bad

med- middle

micro- small

morph- shape

oolovi- egg

pathro- disease

peri- around

phago- to eat

post- after

ren/neph- kidney

osis- condition

rhino- nose

sub- below/under

super- above

sum- together

syn- make

trans- across/through

vas- vessels

zoo- animals

Language of Anatomy Suffixes

-algia : pain in a part

-blast : build/ sprout

-clast : destroy

-cide : kill

-ecomy/otomy : remove/ cut out

-itis : inflamation

-(I)ogy : the study of

-lys : break down

-oma : swelling/ tummor

Language of anatomy (Body parts)

cardio- heart

derm- skin

gastro- stomach

hemot/a - blood

hepta(o) - liver

myo - muscle

neruo- nerve

(o)dont- tooth

osteo- bone

plurea- lung

uria- abnormality of the urine

Directional Terms

Anterior- front

superior- above, top

medial- middle

contralateral - opposite side

proximal- close to the torso

cranial- head

chronic - long term

posterior- back

inferior- bottom. beneath

lateral- sides

ipsilateral- same side

distal- away from the torso

caudal- tail/butt

acute- sudden/ fast

dorsal- back

axial- head, neck, torso (need to live)

superficial- surface

ventral- belly

appendicular- limbs

deep- beyond the skin

Plans of dissection

frontal- vertical, creates front/ back

transverse- horizontal, creates top/bottom

sagittal- vertical, creates sides

midsagittal- straight down the middle

oblique- at an angle

Axial Regional Terms (Anterior)

Axial- head, neck, torso

cranial- head

frontal- forehead

orbital- eyes

otic-ears

nasal- nose

buccal- facial cheeks

oral- mouth

mental-chin

cervical- neck

acromial- top of the shoulder

deltoid- side of the shoulder

axillary- armpit

sternal - the center of the chest

thoracic- chest “ribs”

mammary- breast

abdominal- belly, under ribs

umbilical- belly button

coxal- hips

pelvic- lower belly, between hips

pubic- crotch

pudendal- external genitalia

Axial Regional Terms (Posterior)

occipital- back of head

neccal/nuchal- nape, back of the neck

dorsum- entire back

thoracic- ribs/ upper back

scapular- shoulder blades

vertebral- spine

lumbar- lower back

sacral- between hips on the back (shaped like a triangle)

sacroiliac - butt crack

gluteal- booty

perineal- space between the anus and genitals “gooch”

anal- anus, booty hole

Appendicular Regional Terms (Arms)

brachial- arm

cubital/olecranal- elbow

antecubital- front of the elbow

antebrachial- forearm

carpal- wrist

manus-hand

palmar- palm

 digital-fingers

pollex- thumb

Appendicular Regional Terms (Legs)

femoral- thigh

patellar- knee cap

popliteal- back of knee cap

cural- calf/ back of lower leg

sural- shin/front lower leg

taral- ankle

pedal- foot

calcaneal- heal

planter- sole of foot

digital- toes

hallux- big toe

Organ systems

cardiovascular system/ circulatory system - transports blood throughout the body. Includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

digestive system- ingestion →digestion→absorption of nutrients→eleminate waste. Includes mouth, stomach. intestines, accessory organs

Integumentary system- skin-associated structures.

  • forms a protective covering
  • protection/ defense
  • synthesizes vitamin D
  • largest sensor organ
  • regulates body temperature

Lymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.

  • transports lymph (white blood cells/ immune response, absorbs fat)
  • regulates blood volume and pressure

Muscular System- muscles (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac)

  • allows manipulation of the environment
  • movement (with bones)
  • support and poster
  • Produces body heat
  • Peristalsis (Squeezing)

Nervous system- Brain, spinal cord, since organs, nerves

  • transmits electrical signals which can be:
  1. reacted on
  2. stored
  3. ignored

Reproductive system- ovaries or testes and accessory organs

  • produce gametes (sex cells)
  • produce hormones
  • support internal fertilization and development

Respiratory system- lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm

  • transports air
  • site of gas exchange (CO2 and O2) between blood and the environment

skeletal system- bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

  • Protects and supports body organs
  • provides the framework for muscles and movement
  • site of blood cell formation
  • stores minerals and energy

Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

  • eliminates nitrogenous waste (from protein metabolism)
  • Regulates: water (blood volume), electrolytes, pH balance of the blood

Body cavities and abdominal regions

Dorsal cavity

  • protects the nervous system
  • divided into the: cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
  • Protects entirely by bone
  • skull and vertebrae

Ventral cavity

  • divided into: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
  • the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

Thoracic cavity

  • divide into three cavities
  • Pericardial- contains the heart
  • Pleural- contains the lungs
  • mediastinum- contains major blood vessels

abdominal cavity

  • contains digestive organs
  • not protected by bones so lubrication is vital

Pelvic cavity

  • contains the reproductive and urinary organs
  • had four quadrants: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Vocab for injuries

  • Amputation- loss of any tissue
  • burn- caused by sudden dehydration of tissue (wind, heat, cold, friction, chemical, radiation)
  • concussion- ruptured blood vessels caused blood to leak into surrounding tissues
  • edema- swelling due to lymph fluid
  • fracture- a broken bone
  • hemorrhage- any loss of blood
  • laceration- injury that affects the SKIN ONLY
  • necrosis- dead tissue
  • wound- extends beyond the skin (deep) into the underlying tissues.