(ch. 28)

• the first eukaryotes

• has a nucleus

• linear chromosomes

• divide by mitosis

• nuclear envelope

• membranous organelles

• mitochondria

primary endosymbiosis

• acquisition of mitochondria and / or chloroplasts from an endosymbiosis event

• involves the acquisition of endosymbiotic bacteria which evolve into mitochondria / chloroplasts

mitochondria + prokaryotes divide by binary fission

secondary endosymbiosis

• brought in an algae and harboring it within’

• ultimately it has 3+ membrane

• the blue thing is called a nucleo morph (alga dna)

differences

1. leads to chloroplasts

2. involves bringing in a eukaryotic symbiotic cell, leding to a chloroplast

phylogeny

• domain eukarya

  • chloroplasts and internal membrane which sets them apart from other

• formerly kingdom protists

• most unicellular eukaryotes

• found in 4 different eukaryotic clades

excavata

• molecular evidence

• excavated groove in the plasma membrane

• unique flagellum

SAR

• molecular evidence

• Stramenopiles

  • feather-like flagellum

  

• Alveolates

  • alveoli- membranous sac under plasma membrane

• Rhizarians

  • amoeboid like shape with ray like pseudopodia

plastid is esentially a chloroplast

chloroplast can form into anything when different pigments are present

archaeplastida

group whose common ancestor engulfed a cyanobacterium leading to a chloroplast

• red algae

• green algae + plants

unikonta

• molecular evidence

  • slime molds

  • animals

  • fungi

  • amoeba

dealing with lifes problems

Nutrition

• photoautotrophic- photosynthesis + inorganic carbon

• heterotrophic- chemical + organic carbon

• mixotrophic- ability to do photosynthesis came by secondary symbiosis

locomotion

• pseudopodia

• cilia

  • hair like structure

  • numerous

  • perpendicular

  • 

• flagellla

  • singular or in pairs

  • longer than cilia

  • 

  • parallel

osmoregulation

• balance of salt and water

• fresh water single cell eukaryote

• hypertonic to their environment

• 

  • deals with excess water with contractile vacuole

  • 

reproduction

• dicerse and complex

• example- alternation of generation

• sporophyte- 2n (multicellular)

  • spore producing plant

• gametophyte n (multicellular)

  • gamete producing

protists have diverse ecological roles

• producers

  • typically making sugar or carbon dioxide

  • through their role of photosynthesis; produce sugar + other organic compounds for other members of the community

  • phytoplankton- plantktonic organisms that do photosynthesis; fixing carbon into sugars which are available to the consumers

    • plankton- any life form suspended in a water column that move around due to currents + tiny

  • zooplankton- chemoheterotrophs; consumers;

  • nutrient limited

• 

ecology- interactions; predator prey,

economic- things they make for humans, do they do any processes that benefits humans

upwellings, nutrients, + penguins

cold water upwellings bring nutrients from the depths to the photic zone = high productivity

photic zone- where light can penetrate the water

dinoflagellates as phytoplankton

• within the SAR clade

• some are

  • photoautotrophs

  • chemoheterotrophs

  • mixotrophs

• producers

• red tides

  • coratanoid pigment from the dinoflagallates

• algal blooms

  • algal bloom: when conditions are favorable, they reproduce like crazy and bloom

  • up to 200,000 individuals /ml

  • causes: nutrient loading

• harmful algal blooms (HAB)

  • blooms in aquatic systems that cause harm

  • harms marine life, shellfish paralize

  • toxins can poison the system

diatoms as producers and carbon sinks

• crystallin cilica

• known for HAB

• diatoms are responsible for taking up to 20 billion metric tons of carbon anually

• what are natural systems that take the carbon out?

• photosynthesis and diatoms!

carbon sinks

• photosynthesis → sugars + other compounds → diatom death → whither down taking carbon with them

  • the carbon takes a long time to be converted into CO2

• we can use this to get CO2 out of the atmosphere

archaeplastida

• red, green algae + plants

brown algae as producers + habitat

structure or habitat

blade does most of the photosynthesis

holdfast anchors it down

kelp forests allow for fish to hide from predators, can lay their babies

protists as parasites

• trypanosoma + sleeping sickness

• bait and switch- contains one protein pattern, when teh secondlife cycle comes about, they switch the protein pattern

• 

• sleeping sickness is a parasite transmitted by flies

• if the fly bites the human, the human experiences

  • dizziness

  • lathargy

  • poralysis

  • death

malaria parasite is a single celled eukaryote

apicomplexans

top killers of young

symbiotic mutualists

zooxanthellae

• dinoflagellate algae which have the ability to do photosynthesis

• endosymbionts within animal tissue

• tentacles can provide sugar for the algae

• algae gives nutrients to tentacles

• coral bleaching

  • loss of algae

trichonympha

• wood contains cellulose which has beta glucose

• most animals do not have the enzyme cellulase to break down cellulos

• trichonympha has the enzyme to digest cellulose

• up to 3 different bacterial groups which allow it to

protists as decomposers

• slime molds- not as important in decomposition

• saprobic- eat dead organic material (decomposition)

• what is their role as decomposers