exam 1 his

1. Carpetbaggers

Front: Who were the "carpetbaggers"?
Back: Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to take advantage of economic opportunities, often resented by Southern whites.

2. Haymarket Riot

Front: What was the Haymarket Riot?
Back: A violent clash between workers and police in Chicago in 1886 during a labor protest, resulting in deaths and increased public fear of labor unions.

3. Gilded Age

Front: What was the Gilded Age?
Back: A period from the 1870s to about 1900 marked by rapid industrialization, economic growth, and political corruption in the United States.

4. Gospel of Wealth

Front: What is the "Gospel of Wealth"?
Back: A philosophy by Andrew Carnegie encouraging the wealthy to use their riches for the betterment of society.

5. Redemption

Front: What does "redemption" refer to in Reconstruction history?
Back: The Southern Democrats’ effort to regain political control and end Reconstruction policies, often at the expense of Black civil rights.

6. Scalawags

Front: Who were the "scalawags"?
Back: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and were viewed as traitors by other Southerners.

7. 13th Amendment

Front: What does the 13th Amendment state?
Back: It abolished slavery in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

8. 14th Amendment

Front: What does the 14th Amendment guarantee?
Back: It grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and ensures equal protection under the law.

9. 15th Amendment

Front: What does the 15th Amendment guarantee?
Back: It prohibits denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

10. Abraham Lincoln

Front: What was Abraham Lincoln's role in Reconstruction?
Back: He promoted the 10% Plan, seeking leniency and rapid reunification of the nation after the Civil War.

11. Andrew Carnegie

Front: Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Back: A steel magnate and philanthropist known for his "Gospel of Wealth" and charitable contributions to education and libraries.

12. Black Codes

Front: What were Black Codes?
Back: Laws passed in Southern states to restrict the rights and movements of freed African Americans after the Civil War.

13. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Front: What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
Back: A federal law prohibiting Chinese immigration, reflecting anti-Asian sentiment and labor competition fears.

14. Compromise of 1877

Front: What was the Compromise of 1877?
Back: An agreement that ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South in exchange for Rutherford B. Hayes’ presidency.

15. Department Stores

Front: How did department stores symbolize the Gilded Age?
Back: They represented the rise of consumer culture and the availability of mass-produced goods.

16. Election of 1896

Front: Why was the Election of 1896 significant?
Back: It pitted William Jennings Bryan (Populist-backed Democrat) against William McKinley (Republican), highlighting urban vs. rural political divides.

17. Eugene Debs

Front: Who was Eugene Debs?
Back: A labor leader and socialist who led the Pullman Strike and co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

18. Farmer's Alliance

Front: What was the Farmers’ Alliance?
Back: A coalition of farmers advocating for agricultural reform, precursor to the Populist Party.

19. Frederick Jackson Turner

Front: What was Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis"?
Back: He argued that the American frontier was key to shaping the nation's character and democracy.

20. Freedmen/Freed People

Front: Who were the freedmen?
Back: Enslaved African Americans who were freed during and after the Civil War.

21. Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Front: What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
Back: A nationwide strike against wage cuts in the railroad industry, resulting in violent clashes and government intervention.

22. Homestead Strike

Front: What was the Homestead Strike?
Back: A violent labor dispute in 1892 between steelworkers and Andrew Carnegie’s company, marking a major defeat for organized labor.

23. J.P. Morgan

Front: Who was J.P. Morgan?
Back: A powerful banker and financier who played a major role in the industrial consolidation of the Gilded Age.

24. John D. Rockefeller

Front: Who was John D. Rockefeller?
Back: Founder of Standard Oil and a key figure in the rise of monopolies during the Gilded Age.

25. Ku Klux Klan

Front: What was the Ku Klux Klan?
Back: A white supremacist organization formed during Reconstruction to intimidate and oppress African Americans and their allies.

26. Laissez-Faire

Front: What is laissez-faire?
Back: An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in business and markets.

27. Lincoln's 10% Plan

Front: What was Lincoln’s 10% Plan?
Back: A Reconstruction policy that allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union once 10% of their voters pledged loyalty.

28. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Front: What was the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Back: The Supreme Court upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

29. Pullman Strike

Front: What caused the Pullman Strike?
Back: A nationwide railroad strike in 1894 protesting wage cuts and high rents in company-owned housing.

30. Radical Republicans

Front: Who were the Radical Republicans?
Back: A faction of Congress advocating for strict Reconstruction policies and full civil rights for African Americans.

31. Scientific Management

Front: What is scientific management?
Back: A method introduced by Frederick Taylor to improve efficiency in industrial production through time and motion studies.

32. Sharecropping

Front: What was sharecropping?
Back: A system where freedmen and poor whites farmed land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops.

33. Social Darwinism

Front: What is Social Darwinism?
Back: The application of Darwin’s theory of evolution to justify social hierarchies and laissez-faire capitalism.

34. Special Field Orders No. 15

Front: What were Special Field Orders No. 15?
Back: An order by General Sherman granting confiscated Southern land to freedmen, later reversed by President Johnson.

35. The Dawes Act

Front: What was the Dawes Act?
Back: A law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots.

36. The Ghost Dance

Front: What was the Ghost Dance?
Back: A spiritual movement among Native Americans, believed to restore their lands and way of life, which led to the Wounded Knee Massacre.

37. The Homestead Act

Front: What was the Homestead Act?
Back: A law providing 160 acres of free land to settlers willing to farm and develop it for five years.

38. The Knights of Labor

Front: What was the Knights of Labor?
Back: A labor union open to all workers that sought social and economic reforms, including an eight-hour workday.

39. The People's Party/The Populists

Front: What was the People's Party?
Back: A political party formed by farmers advocating for government control of railroads, direct election of senators, and monetary reform.

40. William Jennings Bryan

Front: Who was William Jennings Bryan?
Back: A populist leader and Democratic presidential candidate known for his "Cross of Gold" speech advocating for free silver.