Genetic Engineering

• Genetic Engineering is the process of altering genes in living organisms.

• Involves transferring genes or DNA parts from one organism to another.

• Organisms with altered genes for a specific purpose are called transgenic organisms.

• Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the first genetically modified organism in 1978 by transferring an insulin synthesis gene into it.

Timeline

• Historical timeline of Genetic Engineering milestones:

  • Artificial selection of wolves in 30,000 BCE.

  • 7,800 BCE oldest evidence of artificially selected crops

  • Boyer & Cohen develop Genetic Engineering in 1973.

  • 1974 Jaenisch and Mintz create first GE animal

  • Asilomar Conference sets guidelines in 1975.

  • U.S. Supreme Court allows patenting of GE organisms in 1980.

  • FDA approves Humulin in 1982, the first GE pharmaceutical.

  • FLAVR SAVR Tomatoes approved in 1992.

  • Golden Rice engineered in 2000 to mitigate Vitamin A deficiency.

  • ATryn becomes the first biological produced by a GE animal approved by the US FDA in 2009.

Five basic Processes in Genetic Engineering

Step 1: DNA Extraction

• Step 1: DNA Extraction is the first step in Genetic Engineering, involving extracting DNA from an organism.

• DNA extraction is crucial for scientists to work with DNA.

• DNA is removed from a sample organism containing the gene of interest.

Step 2: Gene Cloning

• Step 2: Gene Cloning involves extracting all DNA from an organism during DNA extraction.

• Gene cloning is used to separate the gene of interest and make copies of it.

Step 3: Gene Design

• Step 3: Gene Design involves designing the gene to work in a different organism by cutting it apart and replacing gene regions.

Step 4: Transformation

• Manifestation

  • Genotype (Gene)

  • Phenotypic ( Physical)

Step 5: Backcross Breeding

• Step 5: Backcross Breeding combines transgenic plants with elite breeding lines to create high-yielding transgenic lines.

• Offspring are repeatedly crossed back to elite lines to achieve plants with high yield potential and close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene

Iba pa

• GMO mosquito

  • Sudden death mosquito

• Flavr-Savr

  • Delayed Ripening tomatoes

• Guapple

  • Large sized guava

• Wagyu Beef

• Fusarium wilt

  • Bananas resistant to disease

• CRISPR

  • Spicy Tomatoes

• Keio University

  • Kenji Miyamoto

• Ideonella Sakaiensis

  • Found by Kohei Oda in Kyoto Institute of technology University

• PE

  • Polyethyl terephtalate safe plastic

• Escherichia Coli

  • Insulin synthesis, first genetically modified organism