Chapter 7 Terms Louisiana Purchase- previously owned by Spain, Napoleon Bonaparte secretly forced Spainto give the Louisiana Territory b

Chapter 7 Terms

Louisiana Purchase- previously owned by Spain, Napoleon Bonaparte secretly forced Spainto give the Louisiana Territory back to its former

                                 owner, France, in hopes to restore French empire in 

                                 the Americas.

                               - 1803 Bonaparte lost interest in his plan to restore the French empire: 1) needed to concentrate French resources on fighting

                                  England 2) rebellion led by Toussaint

                                  l'Ouverture aganist French rule on the island of Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French losses

                               - Mississippi River was a major interest for economical reasons

                               - Negotiations were made between the U.S. and France. Jefferson offered $10 million for both New Orleans and strip of land in

                                 Florida. Seeking funds, the French offered the

                                 entire Louisana purchase for $15 million

                               - No clause in the Constitution stated that a president could purchase foreign land so Jefferson submitted it to the Senate

                               - strengthened Jefferson's popularity and showed Federalists to be weak

                               - increased importance of expedition

John Marshall- Federalist judge

                      - cousin of Jefferson

                      - appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the final months of John Adams' presidency  

                      - 34 years in this position

                      - first major case: Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison- Jefferson wanted to block the Federalist appointments made last minute by John Adams

                                 - Ordered James Madison, Secretary of State, not to deliever the commissions to the Federalists judges whom Adams had appointed in his last days of office

                                 - one of Adam's "midnight appointments" William Marbury sued for his commission

                                 - Marbury vs. Madison case went to the Supreme Court for review in 1803

                                 - Justice Marshall ruled that Marbury had right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789

                                 - Marshall stated that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional

Aaron Burr- served as vice president for one term

                  - threatened to break up the Union

                  - opposed Hamilton, dared him to a duel and shot and killed Hamilton

Barbary Pirates- first major challenge to Jefferson's foreign policy came from the piracy practiced by the Barbary states on the North African coast

                         - to protect merchant ships from being seized by Barbary pirates, Washington and Adams agreed to pay tribute to their government

Impressment- British practice of capturing U.S. sailors and impressing (forcing) them to serve in the British army

Chesapeake- Leopard affair- British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake

                                             - 3 Americans were killed and 4 others taken captive and impressed into the British navy

                                             - many Americans demanded war but Jefferson resorted to diplomacy and economic pressure as his response to the crisis

Embargo Act (1807)- prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port

                               - the embargo backfired and brought much greater economic hardship to the U.S. trade

                               - once the act failed Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809 during the last days of his presidency

Nonintercourse Act (1809)- after Jefferson's repeal of the disastrous embargo act, Madison hoped to end economic hardship while maintaing his country's rights as a neutral nation

                                          - this act provided that Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)- Nathaniel Macon, member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with Britain and France

                                        - this bill provided that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with that nation's foe

Tecumesh; Prophet- a warrior, attempted to unite all tribes east of the Mississippi River

Battle of Tippecanoe- (1811) General Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumesh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy

War hawks- group of young Republicans from the frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio)

                  - known as war hawks because of  their eagerness for war with Britain

                  - they quickly gained significance in the House of Representatives

                  - led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun ( South Carolina), the war hawk Congressmen argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor,

                    gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier

Battle of New Orleans- January 8, 1815

                                  - major British effort to control the Mississippi River was halted at New Oreleans by Jackson leading a force of frontiermen, free blacks, and Creoles

Treaty of Ghent (1814)- American peace commissioners traveled to Ghent, Belgium to discuss terms of peace with British diplomats

                                    - on December 24, 1814 an agreement was reached. The terms were

                                       1) a halt to the fighting

                                       2) the return of all conquered territory to the prewar claimant

                                       3) recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States

Hartford Convention- held in December 1814

                                - radical Federalists in New England urged that the Constitution be amended and upon last resort session be voted upon

                                - to limit the growing  power of the Republicans in the South and the West, they adopted a number of proposals, one of them called for two-thrids vote of both houses

                                  for any future declaraction of war

 Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, 1800- 1816

Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the nation experienced peaceful political change, expanded territorially, survived another war, and strengthened its democratic and nationalistic spirit.

I Jefferson’s Presidency

            A. During his term, Jefferson did the following:

                        1. maintained the national bank and debt-repayment plan 

                        2. with foreign policy, he carried on neutrality policies

                        3. followed the principle of limited central government

                        4. reduced the size of the military

                        5. eliminated a number of federal jobs

                        6. repealed excise taxes & lowered the national debt

            B. The Louisiana Purchase

                        1. Territory covered a vast unexplored tract of western land through which

                             the Mississippi and Missouri rivers flowed, and the port of New Orleans was located.

                        2. Territory was controlled by France

                        3. Jefferson sent ministers to France seeking New Orleans and strip of

                            land, however French ministers offered to sell New Orleans and the

                            entire Louisiana Territory for 15 million—Americans accepted offer

                        4. The purchase doubled the size of the United States & removed foreign

                            presence.

            C Lewis and Clark expeditions increased geographic and scientific knowledge of

               unexplored lands.

            D. John Marshall and the Supreme Court

                        1. Federalist judges dominated the federal courts, which angered Jefferson

                        2.  John Marshall was the chief justice of the Supreme Court, and his

                             decisions strengthened the central government, while decreasing states

                             rights.

                        3. Marbury vs. Madison: By ruling a law of Congress to be  unconstitutional, Marshall established judicial review

            E. Jefferson’s Reelection

                        1. 1804: Jefferson was reelected president by a large margin.

                        2. Aaron Burr was not elected for a second term as vice president.  He

                             threatened to break up the union and eventually killed Alexander

                            Hamilton.

            F. Difficulties Abroad

                        1. Barbary Pirates: pirates were seizing American merchant ships,

                            Jefferson sent a small fleet of U.S. naval vessels.

                        2. Challenges to U.S. Neutrality: France and Britain seized ships and

                            confiscated their cargo. Britain was also capturing U.S. sailors

                        3. Chesapeake- Leopard Affair: British warship fired on the American

                           warship.  Three Americans were killed and others were taken captive.

            G. Embargo Act (1807)

                        1. This act prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any

                           foreign port.

                        2. Jefferson hoped that Britain would stop violating the rights of neutral

                           nations rather than lose U.S. trade.

                        3. Embargo actually hurt the U.S. more than Britain. Was repealed in 1809

II Madison’s Presidency

            A.  Election of 1808

                        1. Madison defeated the Federalist candidate, Charles Pinckney.

            B. Commercial Warfare

                        1. Nonintercourse Act of 1809: allowed Americans to trade with all

                            nations except Britain and France.

                        2. Macon’s Bill No.2 (1810) restored U.S. trade with Britain and France.

                            Also provided that if either Britain or France would formally agree to

                            respect U.S. neutral rights, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with

                            that nation’s foe.  ( Napoleon violated this)

III War of 1812

            A. Causes of the War

                        1. continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea

                        2. troubles with the British on the western frontier. ( British aiding Native

                           Americans)

                        3. War Hawks: Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun encouraged war with

                             Britain.

            B. A Divided Nation

                        1. Most of the northern states were against the war: New York, New

                            Jersey, and the states of New England.

                        2. Madison won reelection in 1812

            C. Military Defeats and Naval Victories

1. Invasion of Canada: Americans defeated by British

                        2. Naval Battles: because of superior shipbuilding, the U.S. navy achieved

                            notable victories

                        3. Chesapeake Campaign: British set fire to U.S. government buildings,

                            attempted to take Baltimore, but failed.

                        4. Southern Campaign: Andrew Jackson defeated British at the Battle of

                            New Orleans.

            D. Treaty of Ghent

                        1. Peace treaty under the following terms: halt to fighting, return of all

                            conquered territory, and recognition of the prewar boundary between

                           Canada and the U.S.

            F. Hartford Convention: Angry New England states gathered to discuss plans to

                 limit powers of the Republicans.

            G. Effects of the War:

                        1. U.S. gained respect

                        2. U.S. accepted Canada as neighbor

                        3. Federalist party declined

                        4. Native Americans forced to surrender

                        5. U.S. factories built

                        6. War heroes created & nationalism

Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development

Terms

1. The Era of Good Feelings: Began in 1816 when James Monroe was elected as president. Spirit of nationalism, optimism and goodwill because the Republicans dominated politics. The era actually held heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, public land sales, and slavery.

2. Tariff of 1816: As a method to raise money for the government there was a small tariff enacted before the War of 1812. The tariff of 1816 was enacted to protect the new U.S. manufacturers; it was the first protective tariff and was only opposed by New England.

3. Protective Tariff: A protective tariff is a tax placed on foreign imports to force buyers to get their goods from other American’s because there was no tax on these products.

4. Henry Clay’s American System: Consisted of three parts (1.) Protective tariffs (2.) National Bank (3.) Internal improvements. Clay felt the tariff would promote American manufacturing and raise revenue which would provide for the internal improvements in transportation. He felt that the national bank would keep economy in check by providing a national currency.

5. Panic of 1819: Caused by Second National Bank when credit was tightened to control inflation. Many state banks were closed and the value of money fell causing many to become unemployed, bankrupt, and imprisoned for debt. The west was especially hurt when the bank foreclosed much of the western farmland.

6. Implied Powers: In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the federal government had implied powers to create a National Bank.

7. Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise stated that all territories applying for statehood north of the 36° 30’ slavery would be prohibited and that states would enter in pairs of one free and one slave to keep the balance in the senate.

8. Treaty of 1818: Between U.S. and Britain three parts (1.) Shared fishing rights by coast of Newfoundland (2.) Joint occupation of Oregon for ten years (3.) Western U.S. - Canada border by making 49^th parallel the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory.

9. Florida Purchase Treaty:  Spain gave up Florida and claims in Oregon to the U.S. and, the U.S. assumed 5 million in claims against Spain and gave up all U.S. territorial claims in Texas.

10. Monroe Doctrine:  The doctrine stated that because the American continents are free and have maintained their freedom that they can not be colonized by any European powers. The doctrine angered many including Britain because it said that all countries could not interfere with South America.

11. National (Cumberland) Road: A paved highway from Maryland to Illinois construction began in 1811 and finished in the 1850’s, the road was paid for by both federal and state funds.

12. Erie Canal: The Erie Canal connected the East with the West and because of the improved transportation the products were cheaper for both sections.

13. Steamboats and Railroads: Steamboats were developed by Robert Fulton and provided a much quicker and cheaper way to move people and products trough canals and rivers. Railroads were similar to canals because they also provided quick transportation; they turned small western towns into booming commercial centers.

14. Interchangeable Parts: With the invention of interchangeable parts mass production was made possible and the need for skilled craftsman declined.

15. Samuel Slater: When he came over from England he brought with him the British secrets of how to build cotton-spinning machines, and used these to create the first U.S. factory.

16. Lowell System; Textile Mills: The Lowell System was a factory system in which women work, eat, pray, and live in the factory until they are married. Textile mills were the first types of U.S. factories used to spin cotton into things such as clothing.

Chapter 8

Nationalism and Economic Development

(early 1800s - mid 1800s)

I. Era of Good feeling

   A. Attributes

        1. used to describe Monroe’s two terms in office

        2. started when James Monroe became president

        3. marked by a spirit of nationalism, good will, and optimism

        4. Federalist party fades away; Republicans dominate politics in every section

           (North, South, and West)

   B. James Monroe

       1. Virginia

       2. Republican

       3. elected as president in 1816

       4. served 2 terms

       5. Madison’s Secretary of State (succeeded Madison as president)

       6. presidency is best known for the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise,

           and the Monroe Doctrine

   C. Cultural nationalism

       1. popular among the younger generation

       2. focused on expanding westward

       3. had little interest in European politics

       4. expressed in every aspect of society

   D. Economic Nationalism

       1. ran parallel with cultural nationalism

       2. political movement to support the growth of America’s economy

           a) internal improvements (building roads and canals)

           b) protect budding industry from European competitors

               1) Tariff of 1816

                   A) Congress raised import tariffs on certain goods so as to cut down on

                   competition between British manufactured goods and American

                   manufactured goods

                   B) first protective tariff in America

                       2) Henry Clay’s American System

                  A) Henry Clay

                         I) Kentucky

                        II) leader in the House of Representatives

                    B) consisted of three parts

                         I) protective tariffs => promote American Manufacturing, raise revenue

                         for federally constructed road and canals (benefits east)

                        II) a national bank => keep system running smoothly by providing a

                          national currency (benefits all)

                       III) internal improvements => promote growth in West and South

                    D) Second Bank of the United States

                         I) Hamilton’s charter for the first bank had expired in 1811

                        II) chartered in 1816

   E. Panic of 1819

        1. first major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified

         2. Second bank of the US tightened credit in an attempt to control inflation

             a) many state banks closed

             b) increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt

              c) value of money fell (deflation)

   F. Political Changes

       1. as a result of the Panic of 1819, nationalistic beliefs were shaken

        2. strong opposition to a national bank and debtors’ prison surfaced

   G. the Federalist party declined because it failed to adapt

       1. opposed the War of 1812

       2. presided over Hartford Convention (plans to secede)

       3. crushingly defeated in election of 1816

       4.  failed to nominate a presidential candidate in 1820

   H. Republican party underwent internal strain as it adjusted to the changing times

     1. certain party members, such as John Randolph, kept to the old ideals of limited

      government and strict interpretation of the constitution

     2. most adopted former Federalist programs

         a) after War of 1812 Congress authorized large standing army and navy

         b) chartered Second Bank of the United States, originally the idea of Federalist

         Alexander Hamilton

II. Marshall’s Supreme Court and Central Government Powers

     A. John Marshall

          1. appointed to Supreme Court by Federalist John Adams in 1800

          2. chief justice

          3. favored central government and the rights of property against the advocates of

          states’ rights

     B. Marshall led the Supreme Court in quite few landmark decisions

           1. Marbury v. Madison => established principle of judicial review

           2. Fletcher v. Peck

               a) court case involving land fraud in Georgia

               b) concluded that states can not pass legislation invalidating a contract

               c) first time Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional

           3. Martin v. Hunter’s Lease => established that Supreme Court has jurisdiction

           over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

            4. Dartmouth College v. Woodward

                a) court case involving a New Hampshire law which changed Dartmouth

                College from a privately chartered college to a public institution

                b) Supreme Court declared this law unconstitutional, saying that a private corporation could not be altered by the state

            5. McCulloch v. Maryland

                a) Maryland tried to collect a tax from the Second Bank of the US

                 b) case questioned whether Congress had the right to create a national bank,

                  even if there was no clause in the constitution, and whether a state institution

                  could tax a federal institution

                  c) Supreme Court used loose interpretation of the Constitution to declare that

                  federal government had implied power to make a bank

                  d) states can not tax federal institution, federal laws = supreme over state laws

            6. Cohens v. Virginia

            a) in Virginia, the Cohens were convicted of selling DC Lottery tickets authorized

             by Congress

             b) the Supreme Court upheld this conviction and established the principle that the

              Supreme Court could review state court cases involving the powers of the

              federal government

            7. Gibbons v. Ogden

                 a) established that a state law could not overturn a federal law

                 b) federal law takes precedence over state law

III. Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise

        A. Reasons for Westward movement (during presidencies of Madison & Monroe)

              1. Acquisition of Native American land

              2. Economic pressures from the embargo and the war

              3. improved transportation enables easier settlement

              4. European immigrants are attracted by cheap land

        B. Missouri Compromise

              1. as new states were settled and admitted to the union, the issue of slavery

               became important

              2. territories to the south wanted slaves for labor

              3. territories to the North had no use for slaves

              4. Congress tried to preserve balance between slave states and non slave states

               by admitting states to the Union in pairs

               5. Missouri applied for statehood by itself, as a slaveholding state

               6. Tallmadge amendment

                   a) legislation proposed by James Tallmadge

                   b) called for the admission of Missouri as a slaveholding state with conditions

                        1) allow for existing slaves, but prohibit the addition of new slaves in MO

                        2) require children of current MO slaves to be emancipated at age 25

                    c) would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in MO

                     d) South enraged, amendment defeated in the Senate

               7. Clay proposed a three point compromise

                    a) MO to be admitted as a slave holding state

                     b) Maine to be admitted as a free state

                     c) in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30’,

                      slavery was prohibited => basically, north of the imaginary line is free,

                      south of the imaginary line are slaveholders

               8. sectionalism (loyalty to one’s own region) began to battle with nationalism

               (loyalty to the Union)

IV. Foreign Affairs

       A. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

            1. British and American negotiators agreed to a major disarmament pact

            2. strictly limited naval power on the Great Lakes, and placed limits on border fortifications => US/Canada border became longest unfortified boundary in the world

       B. Treaty of 1818

            1. treaty between British and Americans

            2. provided for:

                a) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland

                b) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years

                c) settling the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49^th parallel,

                establishing the western US/Canada border

       C. Florida

            1. US expansionists had long wanted Florida, but the Spanish presence had

             always been too strong

                a) Spanish troops were removed from Florida to battle revolts in Spanish

                territories in South America

                b) Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws could conduct raids on US

                 territory, then run back across the border

                c) this gave US pres Monroe the perfect excuse to invade

            2. Florida Purchase Treaty

                a) in 1817, the president commissioned Andrew Jackson to stop the raiding

                b) Jackson took up this mission enthusiastically, and may have taken his orders just a bit far, and went a little farther into Florida than necessary

                c) Spain worried that the US would take FL by force, so in 1819 they signed the Florida Purchase Treaty

                     1) turned over the rest of western FL, along with all of it’s claims to the

                      Oregon Territory

                     2) the US agreed to assume $5million in claims against the Spanish and give

                      up all claims to Texas

        D. Monroe Doctrine

             1. brainchild of John Quincy Adams

             2. a declaration made by president Monroe stating that the American continents

             were not for European colonization

V. A National Economy

     A. Population Growth

          1. population doubled several time from 1800 to 1850

          2. increase was due to higher birthrate but mostly immigrants

     B. Transportation

          1. Roads

          2. Canals

          3. Steamboats

          4. Railroads

     C. Growth of Industry

           1. Mechanical inventions

               a) patent laws

               b) Eli Whitney

                    1) 1793 invented the cotton gin

                    2) during the War of 1812, invented system of interchangeable parts for

                         rifles

           2. corporations for raising capital

               a) laws were passed allowing the sale of stock

               b) allowed for the  raising large sums needed to build factories and railroads, etc

           3. factory system

               a) Samuel Slater

                   1) emigrated from Britain

                   2) brought with him the plans for making cotton-spinning machines

                   3) established first US factory in 1791

               b) states with few natural resources turned to industry

           4. labor

               a)  originally factory workers were hard to find b/c of cheap land in the West

               b) factories often used child labor

               c) Lowell System

                    1) recruited young farm women

                    2) housed them in company dormitories

           5. unions

               a) unions had little success obtaining their goals for three reasons

               b) immigrant replacement workers

               c) state laws outlawing unions

               d) frequent economic depression and unemployment

     D. Commercial Agriculture

          1. cheap land and easy credit

          2. new markets opened up because of transportation

     E. Cotton and the South

          1. the cotton gin made cotton a very lucrative crop

          2. south mostly exported cotton to Britain

     F. Effects of the market revolution

         1. women were generally limited to 2 careers: teaching and domestic service

         2. economic and social mobility became more possible, but extreme cases were rare

         3. slavery was becoming an ever greater issue, as demand for slave labor increased

          for the ever increasing demand for more cotton

Cyrus McCormick- Invented the mechanical reeper.

John Deere- Invented the steel plow.

Old Northwest- Where many German immigrants established homesteads and prospered.

Nativists- Native-born Americans who disliked the mostly Catholic immigrants.

American Party- The political party of the nativist Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, also known as the Know-Nothing Party.

Denmark Vesey- Led a slave revolt in 1822 which was violently suppressed.

Nat Turner- Led a slave revolt in 1831 which  was violently suppressed. The revolt gave hope to slaves, and caused the slave codes to be made stricter. 

Native American Removal- By 1850 the vast majority of Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi because those to the east  had been  killed or forced to emmigrate.