Untitled Flashcards Set

 NBNB

Study Guide

Unit #2:  Mid-Term Exam

Directions:  This assignment is optional, but highly recommended!  The goal of the assignment is for me to assess what you know, while also helping you prepare for the exam.  Be sure to skip spaces between questions and make sure you number each question (or you will lose points).  Answers must be in your own words – do not copy word for word from the book, internet, or any other source (if you do plagiarize, you will receive a zero for the entire assignment – no exceptions)!!!.  Although this guide helps to narrow the focus, anything from class (assigned readings, videos, notes, lectures, discussions, projects, ect) is fair game.  Be sure to study your old quizzes, but do not rely solely on them.

Please highlight or use a blue font for your answers!

Populism & Progressive Introduction

1. Describe the problems facing American farmers in the 1800s.  List at least 3

crop failures, railroad prices going up and types of money. 

2. What was The Grange?  What was the purpose of this group?

Farmers formed the National Grange, Grangers wanted to boost farm profits and reduce the rates that railroads charged for shipping grain.

3. What was the Populist Party platform? (What were its goals?)

• 1) increase in money supply

• 2) graduated income tax

• 3) federal loan program

• 4) election of senators by popular vote

• 5) single term president and vice president

• 6) secret ballot

• 7) 8 hour workday

• 8) restrictions on immigration

4. What is the Gold Standard? What is Bimetallism?  Explain the difference between people who believed in both policies?

A system in which a country's money is backed with gold. backing the US dollar by gold and silver. The difference, the gold had a lower supply and was meant for higher class, silver had more supply and was inclusive to all classes.

5. Define Populism.  Did the populist movement ever end?  Explain your answer.

The involvement of the ordinary people in politics was known as populism.

6. List & Explain the types of progressive reforms.

Political and social changes were among the reforms, which transformed monopolistic practices into more 

7. List & Explain the goals of progressivism.

 Eliminating monopolistic behaviors, granting women more political rights, and enacting regulations pertaining to food safety were the objectives.

Progressive President

8. Describe the “Bully Pulpit.”  What was it, who used it, and how?

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

9. Describe Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal.”

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Social Justice Reforms

10. Define the term “Muckraker.”

a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society

11. List famous muckrakers & explain what problems they attempted to investigate.

Lewis Hine gained notoriety in the early 20th century for his photographic records of child labor in the US. Using his camera, he documented the hazardous and unforgiving working circumstances that kids—some as young as five or six years old—were put through in a variety of businesses, such as farms, mines, and factories.

Sinclair revealed the hazardous and unhygienic working conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry in his 1906 novel "The Jungle". He wanted to expose the poor working conditions and the tainted meat products.

Jacob Riis exposed the filthy and cramped housing conditions in New York City's tenements in his book "How the Other Half Lives" (1890), underscoring the difficult living circumstances that many urban poor immigrants faced. 

12. What did the book “The Jungle” discuss and why is it important to the Progressive Movement

"The Jungle" talked about the horrible working conditions in the meatpacking business, worker exploitation, and the necessity of food safety laws. It was significant to the Progressive Movement because it brought these problems to light and aided in the larger campaign for better working conditions, social and labor reform, and government regulation to safeguard employees and consumers.

13. Did any reforms become enacted due to this book?  List and explain.

In 1906, the Meat Inspection Act was enacted. This law required federal inspections of meat processing facilities to guarantee that meat products adhered to sanitary regulations and were appropriately labeled. 

Adopted concurrently with the Meat Inspection Act was the Pure Food and Drug Act. The purpose of this law was to stop the selling of tainted or mislabeled food and medication. 

14. What problems faced industrial workers prior and during the progressive era?

Poor Working Conditions, Low Wages, Lack of Job Security, Child Labor

15. What are settlement houses?  Who was a leader in the settlement house movement? institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people. Jane Addams was a prominent leader in the settlement house movement. The settlement house movement gave working-class and immigrant people resources and support in an effort to alleviate the social and economic issues that metropolitan regions faced. Advocates for social reform and bettering the lives of the least fortunate in their communities were led by Jane Addams and others like her.

16. What type of progressive reform would the settlement house movement is considered? Why?

Social Reform: To help working-class and immigrant communities live better lives, settlement houses were built in urban areas of poverty. Their goal was to attend to the people' immediate needs, which included shelter, medical attention, education, and social service access.

17. What is temperance?  How is this movement connected to the progressive era? 

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food. A common desire for social reform and the improvement of societal ills characterized the Progressive Era. Alcohol drinking was viewed by many reformers and campaigners as a significant social problem that exacerbated problems including poverty, domestic violence, and public health difficulties. The larger objectives of social reform and advancement were in line with the temperance movement.

18. What was the goal of organizations related to the temperance movement? Were these groups successful in achieving this goal? If yes, how?

The temperance campaign in the United States was most successful when the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1920 and made it illegal to produce, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages. Prohibition was in effect for a considerable portion of this time period, which also saw the closure of numerous breweries and taverns. Prohibition was, however, finally overturned in 1933 by the 21st Amendment as a result of numerous issues, including organized crime and the production of alcoholic beverages illegally.

19. What problems existed for families & children in industrial cities due to urbanization/industrialization? 

Unsanitary and crowded housing conditions were a result of urbanization, which resulted in quickly expanding industrial communities with subpar living conditions. Numerous families were compelled to live in filthy, small tenement dwellings with inadequate plumbing, electricity, and ventilation.

The need for child labor in mines and factories was fueled by industrialization. Young children, as young as five or six, were frequently employed in demanding and hazardous tasks that robbed them of a proper education and a healthy upbringing.

Children's access to education was restricted due to the requirement for child labor in industries and the low economic status of many households. When they did acquire an education, it was frequently of poor quality in overcrowded, underfunded institutions.

20. What attempts were utilized to help solve problems facing children? Were these attempts successful in solving problems for children? If yes, how were they successful?  

problem: A lot of kids were working long hours in hazardous and unhealthy settings, which prevented them from receiving an education and from having a safe and healthy upbringing.

Efforts: State and federal child labor regulations were advocated for by activists and reformers. One of the main forces behind the push for child labor reform in 1904 was the National Child Labor Committee.

Success: As a result of these efforts, child labor regulations limiting the age range and number of hours that children may work were passed by the federal government, several states, and several municipalities. These legislation significantly improved child welfare, even though they did not completely eradicate child labor.

21. List examples of progressive reforms which impacted children.

They had some success at the state level, when legislatures implemented harsher legislation that set minimum working ages, restricted the number of hours that a kid may labor, and mandated that children attend school.

22. What was the goal of the women’s suffrage movement? Did they ever achieve this goal? If yes, how?

Securing the right to vote for women was the aim of the American women's suffrage movement. Women suffragists battled for their right to vote in elections for public office, to represent their interests, and to take part in the democratic process. The fundamental problem of gender inequality and the denial of women's basic civic rights was the focus of this campaign. The United States Constitution's 19th Amendment was ratified, marking the accomplishment of the suffrage movement's main objective. 

23. Describe the impact of Gifford Pinchot.

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

24. What is segregation? What are Jim Crow laws? List forms of legal segregation experienced African Americans 

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites. 

Segregated Schools, Segregated Public Facilities, Voting Restrictions, lynching,  burning. 

25. Define integration.

the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races

26. Explain the importance of the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Supreme Court ruled that segregation is constitutional as long as African American and white facilities are equal; "Separate but equal" doctrine.

27. Describe the personality of Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt.

Teddy Roosevelt regarded himself as the people's caretaker. Roosevelt led the way with Progressive reforms while working to increase the federal government's power in an effort to protect the public from conflicting special interests. Some of these changes, like the Northern Securities case in 1904, intended to dismantle corporate trusts that killed out competition.

28. List and explain the reforms supported by President Teddy Roosevelt.

He considered his "Square Deal" as a fair compromise that would benefit both businesspeople and the general public. It covered the regulation of railroad rates as well as pure foods and medicines. Roosevelt, who was sympathetic to both business and labor, avoided labor strikes.

29. Explain the beliefs of W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington.  How are they similar and how are they different?

W.E.B- fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

Booker T. Washington- African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

30. List the accomplishments of W.E.B. Dubois.

His vision called for the development of "The Talented Tenth," an elite group of highly educated black leaders who would guide African Americans toward achieving economic parity and equal rights.

Economic Reforms

31. Explain the impact of railroads and canals on the United States economy.

industrialization: Promoting Industrial Growth: The United States' industrialization was fueled in part by its capacity to move manufactured goods and raw materials to industrial centers, including coal and iron ore.Economic Expansion: Better Transportation: The movement of people and products was greatly enhanced by the construction of railroads and canals. The mid-19th century saw the emergence of railroads, which provided even faster and more flexible transit.

32. Explain the following phrase…“Teddy Roosevelt’s time as President is the birth of the Modern Presidency”

significantly increased the executive office's authority and power.

33. What is a Trust?  Why was Teddy Roosevelt called a Trust-buster? Why was this important to the American working class people?

A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

trust buster- Nickname for Teddy Roosevelt because of his actions against monopolies including the breaking up of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. Teddy Roosevelt, who served as president from 1901 to 1909, was dubbed a "Trust-buster" due to his vigorous and proactive approach to regulating and dismantling monopolistic trusts and companies. 

34. What new policy did Ford motor company offer employees?  What were the effects of this new policy on society? Economy? 

Ford increased the minimum wage for industrial workers from about $2 per day to $5 per day, resulting in the "Five-Dollar Workday." With such a significant raise, Ford's factory workers are now among the top earning in the business.

Ford also lowered the workday from 9 hours to 8 hours, which improved working conditions even more.

35. List & explain 3 reforms to working conditions in industrial factories which impacted the economy.

The purpose of safety laws in factories was to make workplaces safer for employees by imposing requirements on employers. This included safety precautions against fire, guards for machinery, ventilation, and the supply of clean drinking water. 

To limit or outright forbid the employment of young children in industrial companies, child labor regulations were developed. These legal measures attempted to guarantee children's education and safeguard their physical and mental health. 

The purpose of labor unions was to defend the rights of workers, such as greater pay, more favorable working conditions, and flexible schedules. In an effort to demand better working conditions and more fair treatment for employees, these movements coordinated strikes and talks with employers.

Political Reforms

36. List political reforms at the federal level.  Why were these reforms significant as progressive ideas?

Eliminating monopolistic behaviors, granting women more political rights, and enacting regulations pertaining to food safety were the objectives.

37. Describe the women’s suffrage movement?  Who were the leaders?  How did they fought for their cause?  What was the end result?

The National Woman Suffrage Association is started by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The organization's main objective is to secure voting rights for women through a Constitutional amendment proposed by Congress.

38. Describe the impact of the Dawes Severalty Act.

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

39. Explain the impact of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.

All Native Americans born in the United States were awarded citizenship when the Indian Citizenship Act was passed by Congress. However, state law governed the right to vote.

40. List and explain the roles of the following women:  Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Alice Paul- Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

• Carrie Chapman- A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

• Susan B. Anthony- social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton- A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

41. Explain the following Constitutional Amendments: 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21

• 13- abolished slavery

• 14- Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

• 15-  gave African American men the right to vote

• 17- Direct election of senators

• 18- Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

• 19- Gave women the right to vote

• 21- Repeal of Prohibition

Final Connections

42. Describe the failures of the progressive movement.

resulted in discrimination and segregation, and it also made everyone "equal" but "separate."

43. Describe the role of the Supreme Court in the progressive era.  List specific cases, their outcomes, and connection to the progressive era.

increased opposition to the striking economic laws that state legislatures had passed, which included minimum wage and maximum hours.

44. In your own words, what is the significance of the Progressive Era?  Explain your answer with specific examples of people, reforms, and ideas.  Attempt to connect specific information to its larger significance.

America became a better and safer place during the progressive era by reducing racial tensions, limiting monopolistic ideas, and resolving political corruption brought on by political machines.

45. Were the most successful businessmen in the late 1800s/early 1900s “Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry?”  Explain using specific evidence and examples from the unit.

The most prosperous businessmen were known as the Robber Barons, and they used intimidation to maintain their monopolistic ideas of dominance. 

46. From 1880 to 1920, the Progressive Movement took place in the United States.  Explain specific causes and effects of the Progressive Movement.

causes: rapid industrialization and urbanization, excessive control granted to monopolists; effects: better working conditions, including longer hours and higher wages; racial tensions released from segregation laws; women's suffrage rights, including the ability to vote, which gave them more political clout and aided in the formation of unions.

Review the “Additional Review for Test #2” – this will help you prepare!!!

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1QxRr2DyfBgl99KNZg4iFr1iIphpOfVpO_bCablp2nyY/edit?usp=sharing

Be sure to review all items from Study Guide #1: Foundations & Immigration – while this is a different unit, many of the concepts from Unit #1 overlap and there may be some questions from that unit on the exam (not that I needed to tell you this, since I know you learned it correctly the first time, and that it is still fresh in your head, and you will never forget it)