Main Ideas

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• Force is necessary to stop or move an object.

• Force leads to motion.

• Force can act even at a distance.

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• Objects tend to stay at rest.

• Objects resist change.

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• Force is a vector quantity with magnitude and direction.

• SI Unit for force is Newton (N).

• 1 N of force gives a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s².

• 1 N is equal to 1 kg m/s².

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• Force can initiate movement from rest.

• Force can stop a moving object.

• Force can alter the direction of a moving object.

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• Types of forces: Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak Nuclear, Strong Nuclear, Fundamental Forces.

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• Contact and non-contact forces exist (e.g., gravity, tension, push, pull).

• Non-Fundamental Forces are examples of non-contact forces.

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• The aim is to unify 3 fundamental forces into one basic force.

• Grand Unified Theory seeks to combine electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces.

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• Theory of Everything aims to unify all fundamental forces.

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• Electroweak Force was formed by combining EM force and weak nuclear force.

• Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for this.

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• Connection between individuals or objects is discussed.

• The concept of being connected is explored.

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• Contact Forces require physical contact between objects.

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• Non-Contact Forces (action-at-a-distance or field forces) do not require physical contact to affect objects.

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• Applied force is exerted on an object by another object or person.

• The direction of applied force depends on how it is applied.

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• Normal Force (N) is a pressing force directed towards an object perpendicularly.

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• Frictional force results from intermolecular forces between surfaces.

• It acts parallel to the surface.

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• Frictional force is calculated as f = µN, where µ is the coefficient of friction and N is the normal force.

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• Air Resistance Force is a type of frictional force.

• It is negligible but noticeable in fast-moving or large objects.

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• Tensional force is transmitted through strings, ropes, or wires.

• It always acts away from the object.

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• Spring force is exerted by a spring on an attached object to restore its position.

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• Force of Gravity (Weight) is the attraction of a massive body towards an object.

• Weight is calculated as W = mg.

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• Weight is calculated as W = mg, where g = 9.8 m/s² and m is the object's mass in kg.

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• Electrical force exists between charges.

• Magnetic force exists in magnets.

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• Balanced Forces are equal and opposite, resulting in zero net force.

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• Unbalanced Forces have a nonzero net force, causing acceleration.

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• Mass is the amount of matter in a body, while weight is the force due to gravity.

• Mass is a scalar quantity, weight is a vector quantity.

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• Weight is calculated as W = mg, where g = 9.8 m/s² on Earth.

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• Sample Problem 1 involves calculating weight on the moon.

• Lynne's weight on the moon is 163.0 N.

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• Sample Problem 2 involves finding the acceleration of gravity on Mars.

• The acceleration of gravity on Mars is 3.8 m/s².

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• Practice Exercises involve calculating weight on the moon and comparing masses