From gene to protein -slides
in One hundred thirty years have gone from the extraction of DNA to the human Genome project
-→ years ago “nuclein” DNA was concluded by Meischer
Eighty years later - DNA confirmed as the Hereditary info of all life - concluded by Watson and Crick
1990 ; human Genome Project started ~ eleven years later DNA sequenced
From Human genome project ~ 20,000 protein encoding genes in the human genome project
()(Originally predicted 100,000)
What is the purpose of the “noncoding DNA”?
sequence of nucleotides = genes = polypeptide
1908 Garrod
hypothesized, hereditary material codes for enzymes
1941 Beadle and Tatum
Experimented Evidence → one gene codes for one enzyme
1959 Ingram
Sickle cell anemia due to single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein
Thus sequence of nucleotides provides the info. the specifies the order of amino acids in a protein
sequence of nucleotide = gene
four nucleotides for 20 amino acids
Problem:
1 nucleotide coding for 1 amino acid -→ four amino acid
two nucleotide coding for 1 amino acid -→ sixteen
three nucleotide coding for 1 amino acid -→ sixty-four
→ triplets
Why must DNA must remain in the nucleus? - In cytoplasm it can be changed or damaged, leading to cell death, or possibly a dead organism
Since DNA must remain in the nucleus, what are problems that occur? - 1. proteins manufactured on ribosome in cytoplasm 2. only 2 copies of DNA in a cell (need large number of proteins)
in One hundred thirty years have gone from the extraction of DNA to the human Genome project
-→ years ago “nuclein” DNA was concluded by Meischer
Eighty years later - DNA confirmed as the Hereditary info of all life - concluded by Watson and Crick
1990 ; human Genome Project started ~ eleven years later DNA sequenced
From Human genome project ~ 20,000 protein encoding genes in the human genome project
()(Originally predicted 100,000)
What is the purpose of the “noncoding DNA”?
sequence of nucleotides = genes = polypeptide
1908 Garrod
hypothesized, hereditary material codes for enzymes
1941 Beadle and Tatum
Experimented Evidence → one gene codes for one enzyme
1959 Ingram
Sickle cell anemia due to single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein
Thus sequence of nucleotides provides the info. the specifies the order of amino acids in a protein
sequence of nucleotide = gene
four nucleotides for 20 amino acids
Problem:
1 nucleotide coding for 1 amino acid -→ four amino acid
two nucleotide coding for 1 amino acid -→ sixteen
three nucleotide coding for 1 amino acid -→ sixty-four
→ triplets
Why must DNA must remain in the nucleus? - In cytoplasm it can be changed or damaged, leading to cell death, or possibly a dead organism
Since DNA must remain in the nucleus, what are problems that occur? - 1. proteins manufactured on ribosome in cytoplasm 2. only 2 copies of DNA in a cell (need large number of proteins)
