K2P 12 Teaching the nature of science

Nature of Science

• Understanding the nature of science covers essential concepts about what science is and how scientists work, particularly:

  • Empirical Evidence: Scientific knowledge relies on empirical evidence, which includes both quantitative and qualitative data. Theoretical ideas must be grounded in observational or experimental data to be validated.

  • Observation and Inference: Science is not just about collecting observations; knowledge emerges from a combination of observation and inference without a single scientific method, but multiple methodologies.

  • Evolving Knowledge: Scientific knowledge is not static and can change with new evidence and innovative thought processes. The hallmark of a scientific idea is its predictive ability and falsifiability.

  • Induction vs. Deduction: Distinguishing between inductive and deductive reasoning is crucial, as it impacts public understanding of science.

  • Creativity in Science: Creativity fuels innovation in science. Scientists employ imagination and creativity throughout their studies to enhance their investigations.

Myths about the Nature of Science

• It's essential to clarify common misconceptions about science, such as:

  • Scientific Method: The belief in a universal scientific method comprising rigid steps (e.g., defining problems, forming hypotheses, testing) is misleading. Different scientific disciplines may follow varied procedures.

  • Experiments as the Main Route: Although experimentation is vital, it's not the only method. Fields like geology, cosmology, and some medical studies may not be suited for traditional experimental approaches.

  • Science Proves Ideas: Popular media's notion of "scientific proof" is flawed; evidence can only support or contradict ideas rather than prove them conclusively.

  • Science is Procedural: Many perceive science as procedural and uninspiring; however, creativity is integral to scientific inquiry, from framing questions to interpreting data.

  • Objectivity of Scientists: The notion that scientists are entirely objective is inaccurate; individual biases and preconceptions influence their observations and interpretations.

  • Hard vs. Soft Sciences: Students often view hard sciences as more credible than soft sciences due to perceived methodological rigor, while the structure and credibility of a study rely significantly on the investigator's approach, not the discipline itself.

Teaching Approaches

• There is a pressing need to teach the nature of science alongside traditional scientific content:

  • Explicit Instruction: Active discussions about the characteristics of scientific knowledge should accompany hands-on activities for effective teaching.

  • Contextual Learning: Specific activities highlighting aspects of the nature of science, such as inquiry tasks and historical case studies, enhance understanding.

  • Inquiry Linkage: Teaching about the nature of science should be paired with lessons that build essential scientific skills like observation, measurement, and classification to reflect real scientific practices.

Teaching Resources

• Utilize resources that support nature of science concepts:

  • Keys to Teaching the Nature of Science

  • Seven Principles on the Nature of Science (Lederman, 2007)

  • From Nature of Science to Features of Science

Broader Context

• Teaching the nature of science will foster enhanced student reflection and engagement, promoting them to become superior researchers.